Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics based on patients’ service transition patterns: ED, emergency department; INPT, inpatient; OPT, outpatient.

From: 24-hour Serum Creatinine Variation Associates with Short- and Long-Term All-Cause Mortality: A Real-World Insight into Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury

Variables

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

p-valuea

OPT to OPT

OPT to ED or INPT

ED to ED or INPT

INPT to INPT

Demographics, median (IQR)

4145 (27.8%)

1761 (11.8%)

5545 (37.2%)

3164 (21.2%)

 

Age, years

58.7 (47.3, 70.5)

64.0 (50.2, 75.6)

56.7 (40.4, 73.2)

64.3 (49.7, 77.5)

<0.001

Men, n (%)

2481 (59.9)

951 (54.0)

3317 (59.8)

1894 (59.9)

0.418

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.7 (22.2, 27.6)

23.8 (21.2, 26.8)

23.5 (20.8, 26.5)

23.5 (20.6, 26.6)

<0.001

Comorbidities, n (%)

Impaired kidney function

873 (21.1)

666 (37.8)

1641 (29.6)

1243 (39.3)

<0.001

Acute kidney failure (ICD 584.5–584.9)

100 (2.41)

138 (7.84)

412 (7.43)

246 (7.77)

<0.001

Diabetes mellitus

1195 (28.8)

599 (34.0)

935 (16.9)

997 (31.5)

<0.001

Hypertension

1418 (34.2)

686 (39.0)

983 (17.7)

1017 (32.1)

<0.001

Noncancerous Catastrophic illness status

356 (8.59)

229 (13.00)

1058 (19.08)

768 (24.27)

<0.001

Therapy, n (%)

Fluid therapy between two measurements

29 (0.70)

853 (48.44)

5015 (90.44)

2060 (65.11)

<0.001

Fluid therapy on the index day

527 (12.71)

1649 (93.64)

5387 (97.15)

2614 (82.62)

<0.001

Medication, n (%)

Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors

439 (10.6)

296 (16.8)

663 (12.0)

710 (22.4)

<0.001

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

1123 (27.1)

455 (25.8)

513 (9.3)

544 (17.2)

<0.001

Diuretics

957 (23.1)

751 (42.7)

1532 (27.6)

2118 (66.9)

<0.001

Oral hypoglycemic agents

997 (24.1)

455 (25.8)

527 (9.5)

596 (18.8)

<0.001

Insulin

550 (13.3)

490 (27.8)

983 (17.7)

1126 (35.6)

<0.001

NSAIDs

1039 (25.1)

680 (38.6)

2514 (45.3)

1519 (48.0)

<0.001

Radiocontrast

979 (23.6)

412 (23.4)

1911 (34.5)

1468 (46.4)

<0.001

Lab data, median (IQR)

Baseline BUN, mg/dL

14.0 (11.0, 23.0)

19.0 (12.0, 42.0)

15.0 (10.5, 29.0)

22.0 (12.7, 44.0)

<0.001

Second BUN, mg/dL

14.0 (11.0, 24.0)

21.5 (13.0, 48.0)

14.0 (10.0, 27.0)

23.0 (13.0, 45.0)

<0.001

Baseline serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.97 (0.76, 1.32)

1.15 (0.83, 2.19)

1.01 (0.78, 1.65)

1.16 (0.80, 2.01)

<0.001

Second serum creatinine, mg/dL

0.96 (0.76, 1.33)

1.15 (0.83, 2.20)

0.99 (0.75, 1.58)

1.20 (0.82, 2.10)

<0.001

Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2

81.7 (51.0, 99.4)

60.1 (25.7, 90.8)

75.9 (38.9, 100.8)

58.3 (29.5, 92.1)

<0.001

Serum albumin, g/dL

4.30 (3.80, 4.60)

3.60 (3.00, 4.05)

3.10 (2.50, 3.60)

2.80 (2.30, 3.30)

<0.001

Hemoglobin, g/dL

13.50 (11.70, 14.90)

12.20 (9.90, 14.00)

12.50 (10.75, 14.15)

10.70 (9.35, 12.43)

<0.001

Sodium, mEq/L

138.0 (137.0, 140.0)

136.0 (133.0, 139.0)

138.0 (135.0, 140.0)

138.0 (134.5, 141.5)

<0.001

Potassium, mEq/L

4.10 (3.80, 4.50)

3.90 (3.60, 4.40)

3.70 (3.40, 4.05)

3.80 (3.35, 4.25)

<0.001

White blood cell count, 103/μL

6.46 (5.24, 7.95)

8.19 (6.13, 10.90)

11.25 (8.27, 14.88)

10.31 (7.43, 14.58)

<0.001

C-reactive protein, mg/dL

0.17 (0.06, 0.70)

0.97 (0.22, 4.85)

1.60 (0.29, 7.15)

4.51 (1.17, 12.26)

<0.001

Summary measures of baseline and second S-Cre

Time interval (hours)

0.00 (0.00, 0.43)

4.63 (2.57, 8.05)

8.53 (6.15, 12.13)

8.68 (5.36, 12.85)

<0.001

Difference (ΔS-Cre)

0.04 (0.02, 0.07)

0.10 (0.04, 0.15)

0.13 (0.07, 0.26)

0.10 (0.06, 0.21)

<0.001

Percent change (ΔS-Cre%)

3.66 (1.79, 6.82)

6.00 (2.74, 11.11)

12.24 (6.20, 21.01)

9.09 (4.26, 17.12)

<0.001

Outcome

Deaths before 2017–12–31

736 (17.8)

677 (38.4)

2353 (42.4)

1928 (60.9)

<0.001

3-year all-cause deaths

423 (10.2)

410 (23.3)

1719 (31.0)

1563 (49.4)

<0.001

1-year all-cause deaths

187 (4.5)

244 (13.9)

1219 (22.0)

1211 (38.3)

<0.001

30-day all-cause deaths

14 (0.3)

41 (2.3)

604 (10.9)

634 (20.0)

<0.001

  1. ap-values are calculated by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.
  2. Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICD, Internal Classification of Disease; NSAID, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Back to article page