Table 2 Comparisons between incense users and non-users.
Non-users | Users | p | Missing data (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 359 | 156 | |||
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age in years | 70.7 ± 4.4 | 71.8 ± 4.8 | 0.009 | 0 | |
Female, n (%) | 63.5 | 66 | 0.584 | 0 | |
Education in years | 8.9 ± 4.8 | 6.2 ± 4.4 | <0.001 | 0 | |
Vascular risk factors | |||||
Hypertension, n (%) | 151 (42.1) | 49 (31.4) | 0.023 | 0 | |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 243 (67.7) | 101 (64.7) | 0.514 | 0 | |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 282 (78.6) | 115 (73.7) | 0.230 | 0 | |
Current Smoking, n (%) | 9 (2.5) | 7 (4.5) | 0.234 | 0 | |
Current Alcohol drinking n (%) | 57 (15.9) | 22 (14.1) | 0.608 | 0 | |
Cognitive Performance at baseline | |||||
Global Cognition | Cohen’s d | ||||
MoCA Total | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 21.2 ± 4.2 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0 |
Executive Functions | |||||
MoCA Executive Domain | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 0.013 | 0.50 | 0 |
CTT1* | 65.2 ± 25.3 | 80.4 ± 38.1 | 0.158 | 0.47 | 1 |
CTT2* | 127.6 ± 41.1 | 151.6 ± 65.3 | 0.102 | 0.45 | 4 |
SDMT | 32.3 ± 10.5 | 25.9 ± 11.5 | 0.025 | 0.58 | 0 |
Verbal Fluency | 16.3 ± 4.3 | 14.5 ± 4.1 | 0.024 | 0.43 | 0 |
Language | |||||
MoCA Language Domain | 4.6 ± 0.7 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 0.073 | 0.38 | 0 |
mBNT* | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 13.8 ± 1.5 | 0.879 | 0.21 | 0 |
Visuospatial functions | |||||
MoCA Visuospatial Domain | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 0.012 | 0.50 | 0 |
RCFT Copy* | 26.1 ± 7.4 | 23.0 ± 10.2 | 0.230 | 0.35 | 38 |
Attention | |||||
MoCA Attention Domain | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 0.375 | 0.13 | 0 |
Memory | |||||
MoCA Memory Domain | 9.2 ± 1.8 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 0.009 | 0.64 | 0 |
HKLLT Learning* | 21.8 ± 6.6 | 19.5 ± 6.3 | 0.557 | 0.36 | 0 |
HKLLT 30-min delayed recall* | 6.7 ± 3.3 | 5.6 ± 3.2 | 0.272 | 0.36 | 0 |
HKLLT 30-min delayed recognition* | 13.4 ± 2.1 | 12.8 ± 2.8 | 0.955 | 0.25 | 0 |
RCFT 30-min delayed recall* | 11.3 ± 6.3 | 7.2 ± 6.1 | 0.003 | 0.66 | 1 |
Cognitive Performance at year 3 | |||||
MoCA Total score | 23.2 ± 4.0 | 20.8 ± 4.5 | 0.006 | 0.57 | 0 |
MoCA Executive Domain | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 0.510 | 0.29 | 0 |
MoCA Language Domain | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 0.672 | 0.11 | 0 |
MoCA Visuospatial Domain | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 0.013 | 0.50 | 0 |
MoCA Attention Domain | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 0.954 | 0.13 | 0 |
MoCA Memory Domain | 9.0 ± 2.1 | 7.7 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.63 | 0 |
Structural imaging measures | |||||
All participants | |||||
MTLA rating | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.828 | 0 | |
Lacunar infarcts number | 0.8 ± 1.7 | 1.1 ± 2.6 | 0.999 | 0 | |
WMH volume (mm3) | 5.6 ± 6.4 | 6.2 ± 7.2 | 0.952 | 2 | |
Age and education matched groups; n = 200 | |||||
MTLA rating | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 0.428 | 0 | |
Lacunar infarcts number | 0.8 ± 1.8 | 0.9 ± 1.6 | 0.893 | 0 | |
WMH volume (mm3) | 6.0 ± 6.0 | 6.1 ± 6.8 | 0.889 | 1 | |
Functional imaging measures | |||||
Functional Connectivity of Default Mode Network (seeds −7,−43,33); values in brain regions with significant difference (Fisher’s r-to-z transformed value) shown | |||||
Middle Temporal Gyrus (R) | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 0 | |
Medial Frontal Gyrus | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 0 | |
Precuneus | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 0 | |
Angular (L) | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | <0.001 | 0 | |
Yearly averaged level (in µg/m3) of outdoor air pollutants at reported residential address in health record | |||||
Fine Suspended Particulates | 30.2 ± 3.6 | 30.0 ± 2.7 | 0.571 | 0 | |
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) | 58.9 ± 9.6 | 60.1 ± 9.8 | 0.223 | 0 | |
Ozone (O3) | 36.6 ± 7.5 | 35.8 ± 7.5 | 0.271 | 0 | |
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) | 12.3 ± 3.2 | 13.1 ± 3.2 | 0.012 | 0 | |
Nitrogen Oxides (NO) | 107.2 ± 23.5 | 111.1 ± 23.8 | 0.103 | 14 | |
Respirable Suspended Particulates | 44.3 ± 4.2 | 44.3 ± 3.1 | 0.978 | 0 |