Table 3 Linear regression models for associations between indoor incense burning and cognitive functions.

Outcome	Baseline			Year 3
Outcome	β	p	Adjusted R²	β	p	Adjusted R²
Global Cognition
MoCA Total	−0.13	<0.001	0.396	−0.11	0.004	0.333
Executive Functions
MoCA Executive Domain	−0.10	0.009	0.293	0.03	0.510	0.293
CTT1	0.08	0.178	0.256	0.01	0.937	0.243
CTT2	0.10	0.110	0.205	0.02	0.752	0.186
SDMT	−0.07	0.023	0.506	−0.05	0.108	0.472
Verbal Fluency Test	−0.10	0.016	0.129	−0.10	0.017	0.143
Language Functions
MoCA Language Domain	−0.08	0.074	0.115	0.02	0.672	0.102
mBNT	−0.01	0.916	0.088	0.05	0.537	0.110
Visuospatial Functions
MoCA Visuospatial Domain	−0.10	0.011	0.296	−0.10	0.014	0.281
RCFT Copy	−0.17	0.042	0.022	0.07	0.334	0.239
Attention Functions
MoCA Attention Domain	−0.04	0.376	0.080	0.00	0.954	0.139
Memory Functions
MoCA Memory Domain	−0.11	0.006	0.182	−0.19	<0.001	0.154
HKLLT learning score	−0.04	0.524	0.268	0.11	0.126	0.219
HKLLT 30-min delayed recall	−0.08	0.226	0.177	0.05	0.484	0.102
HKLLT 30-min delayed recognition	−0.01	0.838	0.130	0.01	0.848	0.160
RCFT 30-min delayed recall	−0.16	0.007	0.288	−0.05	0.464	0.238

Abbreviations: mBNT = modified Boston Naming Test; CTT = Colour Trails Test; HKLLT = Hong Kong List Learning Test; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RCFT = Rey Complex Figure Test; SDMT = Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Models adjusted for age, education year, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, current smoking, current alcohol drinking and yearly average levels of outdoor air pollutants

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