Table 1 The inversion effect in each condition of the four experiments.

Stimuli	Condition	Chimpanzees (human experts) were participants	Humans (chimpanzee experts) were participants
Chimpanzee bodies	Intact	+	+
	Face blur	−	+
	Body blur	+	+
	Body only	−	+
	Silhouette	+	−
Human bodies	Intact	−*	+
	Face blur	−	+
	Body blur	−*	+
	Body only	+	+
	Silhouette	−*	+

Note: “+” indicates the inversion effect in the condition, and “−” indicates no inversion effect. The data of chimpanzee participants with chimpanzee body stimuli is from our previous study²².
*significant in inverted inversion effect (Error rates or response times were significantly higher in the upright trials than those in the inverted trials).

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