Table 2 Soil bulk density (BD), water content (WD), saturated water content (SWC), field water capacity (FWC), soil porosity (SP), capillary porosity (CP), non-capillary porosity (NCP), capillary water content (CWC) at the topsoil during the studied four seasons as influenced by different treatments (mean ± SE, n = 3).

Season 1

CK

1.48 ± 0.05a

20.69 ± 3.09ab

23.64 ± 3.91b

22.58 ± 3.63b

43.97 ± 1.94b

31.87 ± 4.49b

12.1 ± 3.86b

FA

1.36 ± 0.27b

19.52 ± 4.02b

27.26 ± 1.13a

25.66 ± 1.03ab

48.48 ± 1.22a

34.82 ± 7.17a

13.66 ± 1.04ab

BC1

1.32 ± 0.05b

24.67 ± 0.93a

31.91 ± 2.05a

28.74 ± 0.31a

50.53 ± 1.87a

31.75 ± 7.35b

18.78 ± 5.48a

BC1 + FA

1.44 ± 0.03a

19.78 ± 3.66b

24.58 ± 1.82b

22.95 ± 1.41b

45.8 ± 1.13ab

35.74 ± 4.25a

10.06 ± 2.28b

BC2

1.41 ± 0.02a

22.48 ± 1.59ab

26.24 ± 0.48a

24.17 ± 0.9ab

46.95 ± 0.01a

32.05 ± 1.46b

14.91 ± 1.45ab

BC2 + FA

1.4 ± 0.02a

24.89 ± 2.84a

28.145 ± 1.77a

27.02 ± 2.18a

47.28 ± 0.93a

36.25 ± 4.48a

11.03 ± 3.55b

BC3

1.42 ± 0.16a

19.62 ± 3.59b

25.645 ± 6.31a

23.26 ± 4.99ab

46.32 ± 5.76a

34.81 ± 6.51ab

11.52 ± 0.76b

BC3 + FA

1.36 ± 0.01b

24.99 ± 2.55a

29.085 ± 1.46a

27.55 ± 1.44a

48.78 ± 0.21a

37.81 ± 1.22a

10.97 ± 1b

Season 2

CK

1.35 ± 0.04a

29.35 ± 1.11a

34.37 ± 2.75ab

32.6 ± 1.42b

49 ± 1.52ab

44.03 ± 0.62a

4.98 ± 0.9b

FA

1.36 ± 0.03a

28.85 ± 1.66b

33.28 ± 1.5ab

32.26 ± 1.5b

48.66 ± 1.2b

43.86 ± 1.13a

4.8 ± 0.68b

BC1

1.34 ± 0.02a

28.65 ± 2.09b

34.69 ± 0.89ab

33.35 ± 0.65b

49.51 ± 0.7ab

44.61 ± 0.25a

4.89 ± 0.46b

BC1 + FA

1.32 ± 0a

30.28 ± 0.28a

35.95 ± 0.94ab

33.94 ± 0.07b

50.37 ± 0.02a

44.64 ± 0.1a

5.74 ± 0.12b

BC2

1.32 ± 0.02a

29.23 ± 0.73a

39.95 ± 1.64a

36.71 ± 0.49a

53.98 ± 0.82a

44.77 ± 0.21a

9.22 ± 1.02a

BC2 + FA

1.33 ± 0.03a

29.3 ± 1.66a

34 ± 2.13ab

32.39 ± 0.96b

49.69 ± 0.97ab

43.17 ± 0.45a

6.53 ± 0.52b

BC3

1.28 ± 0.05b

31.34 ± 0.85a

38.33 ± 1.96a

37.02 ± 2.44a

51.67 ± 1.87a

47.35 ± 1.29a

4.32 ± 0.58b

BC3 + FA

1.27 ± 0.06b

30.68 ± 1.92a

30.73 ± 6.63b

35.83 ± 2.3a

52.22 ± 2.3a

45.3 ± 0.73a

6.93 ± 1.57b

Item

BD (g cm⁻³)

WC (%)

SWC (%)

FWC (%)

SP (%)

CP (%)

NCP (%)

Season 3

CK

1.38 ± 0.01a

24.92 ± 6.83a

28.59 ± 4.49a

23.2 ± 6.07a

47.8 ± 0.2a

38.11 ± 6.89ab

9.69 ± 6.69ab

FA

1.32 ± 0.11b

25.95 ± 6.92a

31.23 ± 8.63a

23.94 ± 6.86a

50.15 ± 4.12a

39.14 ± 6.89a

11 ± 2.97a

BC1

1.4 ± 0.12a

26.76 ± 2.06a

29.38 ± 11.31a

23.83 ± 9.89a

47.28 ± 4.52a

39.78 ± 12.64a

7.5 ± 8.11b

BC1 + FA

1.36 ± 0.1a

24.41 ± 6.41a

28.92 ± 6.62a

22.59 ± 5.7a

48.63 ± 3.74a

37.75 ± 6.77b

10.88 ± 3.03a

BC2

1.38 ± 0.08a

24.71 ± 7.04a

28.31 ± 7.06a

22.62 ± 6.37a

47.74 ± 2.91a

37.67 ± 7.28b

10.07 ± 4.37a

BC2 + FA

1.38 ± 0.01a

23.91 ± 0.58a

28.29 ± 1.16a

22.28 ± 1a

47.94 ± 0.22a

37.65 ± 1.39b

10.29 ± 1.17a

BC3

1.31 ± 0.04b

25.39 ± 5.18a

30.76 ± 4.5aa

23.87 ± 5.09a

50.51 ± 1.43a

40.21 ± 4.38a

10.3 ± 2.95a

BC3 + FA

1.36 ± 0.1ab

24.96 ± 6.49a

30.04 ± 7.6aa

22.96 ± 6.53a

48.69 ± 3.84a

38.26 ± 5.78ab

10.43 ± 1.94a

Season 4

CK

1.31 ± 0.28a

12.52 ± 1.04a

37.21 ± 2.4b

27.06 ± 1.35ab

50.68 ± 1.62a

42.17 ± 4.09a

8.5 ± 5.59c

FA

1.32 ± 0.05a

14.26 ± 1.05a

37.74 ± 1.8b

25.97 ± 1.22b

51.45 ± 2.8b

44.18 ± 9.19a

7.27 ± 8.36c

BC1

1.26 ± 0.24ab

10.76 ± 2.34b

40.8 ± 0ab

26.72 ± 0.12ab

52.39 ± 1.51ab

36.06 ± 2.1b

16.33 ± 0.59a

BC1 + FA

1.19 ± 0.88c

13.05 ± 1.08a

44.13 ± 5.04a

30.31 ± 3.36a

55.15 ± 2.91a

42.04 ± 3.34a

13.11 ± 4.39b

BC2

1.25 ± 0.21ab

12.97 ± 2.28a

40.9 ± 0ab

30.87 ± 0.21a

52.91 ± 0.08ab

39.06 ± 0.55ab

13.85 ± 0.63b

BC2 + FA

1.23 ± 0.03b

13.11 ± 1.03a

42.1 ± 1.42a

27.5 ± 3.02ab

53.75 ± 0.01a

45.94 ± 2.08a

7.81 ± 2.09c

BC3

1.22 ± 0.32b

13.25 ± 1.85a

41.7 ± 0ab

27.77 ± 0.34ab

53.86 ± 0.07a

34.74 ± 0.65b

19.12 ± 0.57a

BC3 + FA

1.25 ± 0.11ab

12.73 ± 2.05a

40.79 ± 1.44ab

27.68 ± 0.05ab

52.98 ± 1.82ab

44.11 ± 1.33a

8.87 ± 3.15c