Table 1 Effects of resource limitation (starvation), repeated reflex bleeding, and the interaction between starvation and reflex bleeding on body mass change, haemocyte concentration, total protein concentration and antimicrobial activity of haemolymph in Harmonia axyridis.

From: Physiological costs of chemical defence: repeated reflex bleeding weakens the immune system and postpones reproduction in a ladybird beetle

 

Body mass (difference)

Haemocyte concentration (difference)

Total protein concentration (difference)

Antimicrobial activity - E. coli (difference)

Antimicrobial activity - M. luteus (difference)

F-value

P-value

F-value

P-value

F-value

P-value

F-value

P-value

F-value

P-value

Starvation

65.13

<0.001

6.21

0.017

34.72

<0.001

7.82

0.012

14.42

<0.001

Bleeding

0.19

0.67

4.14

0.049

9.24

0.004

3.64

0.073

16

<0.001

Starvation * Bleeding

0.52

0.48

0.03

0.87

0.18

0.67

4.18

0.056

0.81

0.37

  1. Response variables represent changes in measured parameters between the beginning and the termination of the experiment (three weeks later). Detailed results of analyses of variance (ANOVA) are shown. Sex was included as covariate in all models (its significance differed between models and is not shown). Significant terms are highlighted in bold.
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