Table 1 Elemental characterization of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma samples according to patients’ smoking habits.
Element | All patients (n = 78) | Smoking | History of tobacco consumption | Current tobacco consumption | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never (n = 14) | Former (n = 23) | Current (n = 41) | P- | No1 (n = 14) | Yes2 (n = 64) | P- | No3 (n = 37) | Yes4 (n = 41) | P- | ||
Magnesium | |||||||||||
Absent | 69 (88.5) | 14 (100.0) | 15 (65.2) | 40 (97.6) | 0.000 | 12 (85.7) | 57 (89.1) | 0.722 | 31 (83.8) | 38 (92.7) | 0.191 |
Present | 9 (11.5) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (34.8) | 1 (2.4) | 2 (14.3) | 7 (10.9) | 6 (16.2) | 3 (7.3) | |||
Phosphorus | |||||||||||
Absent | 5 (6.5) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.4) | 3 (7.3) | 0.891 | 2 (14.3) | 3 (4.7) | 0.184 | 2 (5.4) | 3 (7.3) | 0.549 |
Present | 73 (93.6) | 13 92.9) | 22 (95.6) | 38 (92.7) | 12 (85.7) | 61 (95.3) | 35 (94.6) | 38 (92.7) | |||
Sulfur | |||||||||||
Absent | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.298 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.5) | 0.638 | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.474 |
Present | 77 (98.7) | 14 (100.0) | 22 (95.6) | 41 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 63 (98.5) | 36 (97.3) | 41 (100.0) | |||
Chlorine | |||||||||||
Absent | 50 (64.1) | 12 (85.7) | 14 (60.9) | 24 (58.5) | 0.174 | 11 (78.6) | 39 (60.9) | 0.213 | 28 (75.7) | 22 (53.6) | 0.043 |
Present | 28 (35.9) | 2 (14.3) | 9 (39.1) | 17 (41.5) | 3 (21.4) | 28 (39.1) | 9 (24.3) | 19 (46.4) | |||
Potassium | |||||||||||
Absent | 14 (17.9) | 4 (28.6) | 3 (13.1) | 7 (17.1) | 0.480 | 5 (35.7) | 9 (14.1) | 0.056 | 8 (21.6) | 6 (14.6) | 0.422 |
Present | 64 (82.1) | 10 (71.4) | 20 (86.9) | 34 (82.9) | 9 (64.3) | 55 (85.90 | 29 (78.4) | 35 (85.4) | |||
Calcium | |||||||||||
Absent | 1 (1.3) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.099 | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.179 | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.474 |
Present | 77 (98.7) | 13 (92.90 | 23 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 13 (92.8) | 64 (100.00 | 36 (97.3) | 41 (100.0) | |||
Chromium | |||||||||||
Absent | 45 (57.7) | 13 (92.9) | 9 (39.1) | 23 (56.1) | 0.006 | 13 (92.9) | 32 (50.0) | 0.003 | 24 (64.9) | 21 (51.2) | 0.223 |
Present | 33 (42.3) | 1 (7.1) | 14 (60.9) | 18 (43.9) | 1 (7.10) | 32 (50.0) | 13 (35.1) | 20 (48.7) | |||
Manganese | |||||||||||
Absent | 52 (66.7) | 14 (100.0) | 10 (43.5) | 28 (68.3) | 0.002 | 12 (85.7) | 40 (66.7) | 0.095 | 26 (70.3) | 26 (63.4) | 0.521 |
Present | 26 (33.3) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (56.5) | 13 (31.7) | 2 (14.3) | 26 (33.3) | 11 (29.7) | 15 (36.6) | |||
Iron | |||||||||||
Absent | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Present | 78 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 23 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 64 (100.0) | 37 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | |||
Cobalt | |||||||||||
Absent | 69 (88.5) | 12 (85.7) | 18 (78.3) | 39 (95.1) | 0.121 | 10 (71.4) | 59 (92.2) | 0.050 | 32 (86.5) | 37 (88.5) | 0.433 |
Present | 9 (11.5) | 2 (14.3) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (4.9) | 4 (28.6) | 5 (7.8) | 5 (13.5) | 4 (11.5) | |||
Nickel | |||||||||||
Absent | 67 (85.9) | 14 (100.0) | 20 (86.9) | 33 (80.5) | 0.191 | 13 (92.8) | 54 (84.4) | 0.409 | 36 (97.3) | 31 (75.6) | 0.005 |
Present | 11 (14.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (13.1) | 8 (19.5) | 1 (7.2) | 10 (15.6) | 1 (2.7) | 10 (24.4) | |||
Copper | |||||||||||
Absent | 4 (5.1) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.927 | 1 (7.1) | 3 (4.7) | 0.706 | 2 (5.4) | 2 (4.9) | 0.652 |
Present | 74 (94.9) | 13 (92.9) | 22 (95.7) | 39 (95.1) | 13 (92.9) | 61 (95.3) | 35 (94.6) | 39 (95.1) | |||
Zinc | |||||||||||
Absent | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
Present | 78 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 23 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 64 (100.0) | 37 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | |||
Arsenic | |||||||||||
Absent | 25 (32.1) | 9 (64.3) | 4 (17.4) | 12 (29.3) | 0.011 | 8 (57.1) | 17 (26.5) | 0.026 | 14 (37.8) | 11 (26.9) | 0.298 |
Present | 53 (67.9) | 5 (35.7) | 19 (82.6) | 29 (70.7) | 6 (42.9) | 47 (73.5) | 23 (62.2) | 30 (73.1) | |||
Bromine | |||||||||||
Absent | 25 (32.1) | 9 (64.3) | 4 (17.4) | 12 (29.3) | 0.011 | 8 (57.1) | 17 (26.5) | 0.026 | 14 (37.8) | 11 (26.9) | 0.298 |
Present | 53 (67.9) | 5 (35.7) | 19 (82.6) | 29 (70.7) | 6 (42.9) | 47 (73.5) | 23 (62.2) | 30 (73.1) | |||
