Table 1 General characteristics of study observations by cases of metabolic syndrome and controls (2014–2017).
Total | Cases (n = 5,462) | p-value | Total | Controls (n = 12,194) | p-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |||||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||||
Cigarette type | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 3,193 | 499 | (15.6) | 2,694 | (84.4) | < 0.0001 | 8,182 | 1,321 | (16.1) | 6,861 | (83.9) | < 0.0001 |
Ex-smoker | 1,293 | 1,154 | (89.2) | 139 | (10.8) | 2,420 | 1,941 | (80.2) | 479 | (19.8) | ||
Current smoker (conventional only) | 893 | 781 | (87.5) | 112 | (12.5) | 1,432 | 1,189 | (83.0) | 243 | (17.0) | ||
Current smoker (conventional and electronic) | 83 | 74 | (89.2) | 9 | (10.8) | 160 | 134 | (83.8) | 26 | (16.3) | ||
Smoking history (pack-years) | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 3,284 | 563 | (17.1) | 2,721 | (82.9) | < 0.0001 | 8,466 | 1,492 | (17.6) | 6,974 | (82.4) | < 0.0001 |
≤ 5 | 394 | 280 | (71.1) | 114 | (28.9) | 1,230 | 773 | (62.8) | 457 | (37.2) | ||
> 5 to ≤ 10 | 296 | 257 | (86.8) | 39 | (13.2) | 643 | 550 | (85.5) | 93 | (14.5) | ||
> 10 to ≤ 15 | 283 | 257 | (90.8) | 26 | (9.2) | 467 | 422 | (90.4) | 45 | (9.6) | ||
> 15 to ≤ 20 | 290 | 269 | (92.8) | 21 | (7.2) | 372 | 356 | (95.7) | 16 | (4.3) | ||
> 20 to ≤ 25 | 192 | 186 | (96.9) | 6 | (3.1) | 260 | 251 | (96.5) | 9 | (3.5) | ||
> 25 to ≤ 37.5 | 385 | 371 | (96.4) | 14 | (3.6) | 412 | 403 | (97.8) | 9 | (2.2) | ||
> 37.5 to ≤ 50 | 203 | 197 | (97.0) | 6 | (3.0) | 212 | 207 | (97.6) | 5 | (2.4) | ||
> 50 | 135 | 128 | (94.8) | 7 | (5.2) | 132 | 131 | (99.2) | 1 | (0.8) | ||
Age | ||||||||||||
20–29 | 188 | 134 | (71.3) | 54 | (28.7) | < 0.0001 | 2,033 | 826 | (40.6) | 1,207 | (59.4) | < 0.0001 |
30–39 | 572 | 371 | (64.9) | 201 | (35.1) | 2,605 | 857 | (32.9) | 1,748 | (67.1) | ||
40–49 | 922 | 530 | (57.5) | 392 | (42.5) | 2,584 | 852 | (33.0) | 1,732 | (67.0) | ||
50–59 | 1,302 | 586 | (45.0) | 716 | (55.0) | 2,345 | 823 | (35.1) | 1,522 | (64.9) | ||
60–69 | 1,426 | 541 | (37.9) | 885 | (62.1) | 1,609 | 693 | (43.1) | 916 | (56.9) | ||
≥ 70 | 1,052 | 346 | (32.9) | 706 | (67.1) | 1,018 | 534 | (52.5) | 484 | (47.5) | ||
Level of physical activity | ||||||||||||
Low | 3,187 | 1,337 | (42.0) | 1,850 | (58.0) | < 0.0001 | 5,995 | 2,111 | (35.2) | 3,884 | (64.8) | < 0.0001 |
High | 2,275 | 1,171 | (51.5) | 1,104 | (48.5) | 6,199 | 2,474 | (39.9) | 3,725 | (60.1) | ||
Region | ||||||||||||
Urban | 2,086 | 982 | (47.1) | 1,104 | (52.9) | 0.177 | 5,148 | 1,864 | (36.2) | 3,284 | (63.8) | 0.007 |
Rural | 3,376 | 1,526 | (45.2) | 1,850 | (54.8) | 7,046 | 2,721 | (38.6) | 4,325 | (61.4) | ||
High-risk drinking | ||||||||||||
No | 4,667 | 1,853 | (39.7) | 2,814 | (60.3) | < 0.0001 | 11,119 | 3,886 | (34.9) | 7,233 | (65.1) | < 0.0001 |
Yes | 795 | 655 | (82.4) | 140 | (17.6) | 1,075 | 699 | (65.0) | 376 | (35.0) | ||
Menopause (females only) | ||||||||||||
No | 723 | 0 | (0.0) | 723 | (100.0) | - | 4,831 | 0 | (0.0) | 4,831 | (100.0) | - |
Yes: Natural | 1,920 | 0 | (0.0) | 1,920 | (100.0) | 2,403 | 0 | (0.0) | 2,403 | (100.0) | ||
Yes: Artificial | 311 | 0 | (0.0) | 311 | (100.0) | 375 | 0 | (0.0) | 375 | (100.0) | ||
Serum hs-CRP | ||||||||||||
Low: less than or equal to 3.0 mg/L | 4,966 | 2,262 | (45.5) | 2,704 | (54.5) | 0.0846 | 11,632 | 4,310 | (37.1) | 7,322 | (62.9) | < 0.0001 |
High: above 3.0 mg/L | 496 | 246 | (49.6) | 250 | (50.4) | 562 | 275 | (48.9) | 287 | (51.1) | ||
Household income | ||||||||||||
Low | 1,258 | 412 | (32.8) | 846 | (67.2) | < 0.0001 | 1,511 | 601 | (39.8) | 910 | (60.2) | 0.2392 |
Medium–low | 1,452 | 620 | (42.7) | 832 | (57.3) | 2,837 | 1,077 | (38.0) | 1,760 | (62.0) | ||
Medium–high | 1,402 | 690 | (49.2) | 712 | (50.8) | 3,742 | 1,386 | (37.0) | 2,356 | (63.0) | ||
High | 1,350 | 786 | (58.2) | 564 | (41.8) | 4,104 | 1,521 | (37.1) | 2,583 | (62.9) | ||
Occupation | ||||||||||||
White collar | 1,715 | 994 | (58.0) | 721 | (42.0) | < 0.0001 | 5,175 | 1,959 | (37.9) | 3,216 | (62.1) | < 0.0001 |
Sales and services | 1,551 | 890 | (57.4) | 661 | (42.6) | 2,521 | 1,518 | (60.2) | 1,003 | (39.8) | ||
Blue collar | 2,196 | 624 | (28.4) | 1,572 | (71.6) | 4,498 | 1,108 | (24.6) | 3,390 | (75.4) | ||
Educational attainment | ||||||||||||
≤ Elementary school | 1,694 | 398 | (23.5) | 1,296 | (76.5) | < 0.0001 | 1,552 | 531 | (34.2) | 1,021 | (65.8) | 0.0065 |
Middle school | 717 | 293 | (40.9) | 424 | (59.1) | 1,086 | 440 | (40.5) | 646 | (59.5) | ||
High school diploma | 1,578 | 798 | (50.6) | 780 | (49.4) | 4,206 | 1,608 | (38.2) | 2,598 | (61.8) | ||
≥ Bachelor's degree | 1,473 | 1,019 | (69.2) | 454 | (30.8) | 5,350 | 2,006 | (37.5) | 3,344 | (62.5) | ||
Year | ||||||||||||
2014 | 846 | 272 | (32.2) | 574 | (67.8) | < 0.0001 | 2,610 | 759 | (29.1) | 1,851 | (70.9) | < 0.0001 |
2015 | 1,260 | 559 | (44.4) | 701 | (55.6) | 3,035 | 1,251 | (41.2) | 1,784 | (58.8) | ||
2016 | 1,386 | 651 | (47.0) | 735 | (53.0) | 3,553 | 1,441 | (40.6) | 2,112 | (59.4) | ||
2017 | 1,970 | 1,026 | (52.1) | 944 | (47.9) | 2,996 | 1,134 | (37.9) | 1,862 | (62.1) | ||
Total | 5,462 | 2,508 | (45.9) | 2,954 | (54.1) | 12,194 | 4,585 | (37.6) | 7,609 | (62.4) | ||
