Figure 1

Soluble Aβ oligomers are detected in the nasal discharges from probable AD group (pAD). Immunoblotting verification; soluble Aβ oligomers were detected in the nasal discharges of pAD group. (A) Identification of Aβ oligomer, assessed by western blot (WB; A11) with or without immunoprecipitation (IP: 6E10) using samples (1; pAD1 and 2; pAD2) from pAD group. (B) Representative data for A11-immunoreaactive (left) and D54D2-immunoreaactive (right) soluble Aβ oligomers are detected in nasal discharges of pAD group (4; pAD1, pAD2, pAD3 and pAD4) and normal group (4; normal 1, normal 2, normal 3 and normal 4). (C) The total levels of soluble Aβ species in nasal discharges were measured between the normal and pAD groups using CLASS method (self-standard ratio (a.u.)). (D) Quantification of soluble Aβ*56 protein. Expression levels of proteins were quantified using stereological analysis (ImageJ program). (E) Quantification of soluble AβO protein. Expression levels of proteins were quantified using stereological analysis (ImageJ program). Data are represented as means ± SEMs from three independent experiments. Value of samples were identified as outliers through Grubbs’ test, also called the ESD method. For statistical analysis, paired t-test was performed. Statistical significances are denoted (***P < 0.001).