Table 2 Summary of cognitive assessments and age by disease progression status.

From: Longitudinal profiling of oligomeric Aβ in human nasal discharge reflecting cognitive decline in probable Alzheimer’s disease

Conditions

Normal

Dementia (probable AD)

Mild stage

Moderate stage

Number of subjects

21

26

13

Age (mean ± SE) (years)

72.39 ± 6.01

75.17 ± 5.61

(ns)

76.93 ± 5.92

(ns)

MMSE (mean ± SE)

27.61 ± 0.85

23.17 ± 1.11

(***)

16.33 ± 2.12

(***)

CDR (mean ± SE)

0.47 ± 0.12

0.52 ± 0.10

(ns)

0.83 ± 0.24

(***)

GDS (mean ± SE)

1.94 ± 0.24

3.04 ± 0.21

(***)

3.80 ± 0.68

(***)

  1. Disease progression status was divided into three groups: normal (MMSE > 25, CDR < 0.5, and GDS < 2), mild (20 < MMSE < 25, 0.5 < CDR < 1, and 2 < GDS < 3), and moderate (MMSE < 20, CDR > 1, and GDS > 3). The data are presented as means ± SEs. For the statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was performed, followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test. Statistical significance is denoted as ns: P > 0.05, ***P < 0.001). MMSE, CDR, and GDS refer to the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Clinical Dementia Rate, and the Global Deterioration Scale, respectively.
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