Figure 17

Antibiofilm activity of CoxNi1−xFe2O4; x = 0.9/SiO2/TiO2/C-dots nanocomposite. (15 µg/ml) using tube method against (a) Escherichia coli, (b) Bacillus cereus and (c) Candida tropicalis, showing (1) Growth of the bacterial and yeast cells and biofilm formation (rings) without nanocomposite treatment and the inhibition of bacterial and yeast growth after treatment, (2) Staining of the adherent bacterial and yeast cells with crystal violet and (3) Removal and dissolution of the adherent bacterial and yeast cells by ethanol for semi-quantitative biofilm inhibition determination (as shown in Table 2).