Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: The pharmaceutical solvent N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) attenuates inflammation through Krüppel-like factor 2 activation to reduce atherogenesis

Figure 1

Bioactive NMP is a Klf2 transcriptional activator. (a) Microarray analysis showing top 10 genes up regulated in C2C12 cells by addition of 5 mM NMP for 8 h. (b) Real-time PCR analysis of Klf2 mRNA in mouse C2C12 cells at different time points after NMP administration. Klf2 mRNA amounts are normalized to Gapdh mRNA and are presented relative to the level observed in untreated cells. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 6. (c) C2C12 cells transfected with a luciferase Klf2-promoter reporter analyzed at different time points w/wo NMP (1 mM). The luciferase activity was measured and normalized to Renilla activity, and represented in arbitrary units (AU) from two independent assays (n = 6). (d) MEF and MAEC cells transfected as in (c) were treated with or without NMP. Luciferase assays were performed 24 h after transfection. Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 5 *** p < 0.001 (one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni comparison post-test). (e) TNF-α mediated (10 ng/ml) inhibition of Klf2 mRNA is suppressed by NMP (1 mM). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; n = 6, ns p > 0.05, *** p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (f) NMP pretreatment for 6 h protects against cell death induced in C2C12 cells activated with TNF- α for 24 h (n = 6; ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni comparison post-test).

Back to article page