Table 4 The growth inhibition zones of bacteria in agar disk diffusion assay in various concentrations of CoNPs, Z. clinopodioides, and Co(NO₃)₂.

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Novel green synthesis and antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticholinergics, and wound healing properties of cobalt nanoparticles containing Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam leaves extract

Dilution (mg/mL)	Inhibition zone in disk diffusion (mm)
	Gram-positive bacteria			Gram-negative bacteria
	S. typhimurium	E. coli	P. aeruginosa	S. aureus	S. pneumoniae	B. subtilis
Difloxacin (30)	27 ± 0.7^b	29.2 ± 0.44^b	33.8 ± 1.09^ab	27.2 ± 1.3^b	24.2 ± 0.44^b	30.6 ± 0.89^ab
Chloramphenicol (30)	25.6 ± 0.89^b	22.4 ± 0.54^bc	23.6 ± 1.14^b	23.4 ± 0.89^b	24.2 ± 0.83^b	27 ± 0.7^b
Streptomycin (10)	17.2 ± 1.3^bc	20.2 ± 0.83^bc	17.2 ± 1.3^bc	17.6 ± 0.89^bc	18.2 ± 1.3^bc	28.2 ± 1.3^b
Gentamicin (10)	20.4 ± 1.34^bc	25.4 ± 1.34^b	20.8 ± 1.09^bc	20 ± 1.22^bc	22.4 ± 0.89^bc	21 ± 1^bc
Oxytetracycline (30)	26.4 ± 0.54^b	24 ± 1^b	20.2 ± 1.3^bc	24.6 ± 0.89^b	23.2 ± 1.3^b	24.4 ± 0.54^b
Ampicillin (10)	19.2 ± 1.3^bc	24.4 ± 1.34^b	19.2 ± 1.3^bc	24 ± 0.7^b	20.8 ± 0.44^bc	18.8 ± 1.09^bc
Amikacin (25)	28.2 ± 0.83^b	24.2 ± 1.3^b	21.6 ± 1.14^bc	25.6 ± 0.89^b	27.6 ± 1.14^b	25.4 ± 0.89^b
CoNPs (64)	40.6 ± 1.14^a	41.8 ± 0.44^a	45.2 ± 0.44^a	44.2 ± 0.44^a	46.2 ± 1.3^a	47 ± 1^a
CoNPs (32)	33.4 ± 1.34^ab	36.4 ± 0.89^ab	38.6 ± 0.89^a	38.2 ± 1.3^a	40.4 ± 0.54^a	42.4 ± 1.34^a
CoNPs (16)	28 ± 1.22^b	34.4 ± 1.34^ab	32.2 ± 0.83^ab	34.4 ± 1.34^ab	35.2 ± 1.3^ab	34 ± 1.22^ab
CoNPs (8)	24 ± 1.22^b	26.2 ± 1.3^b	30.2 ± 1.3^ab	30 ± 1.22^ab	33 ± 0.7^ab	29.4 ± 0.89^b
CoNPs (4)	21.4 ± 0.54^bc	21 ± 0.7^bc	25 ± 1.22^b	24 ± 1^b	26.6 ± 0.89^b	23.2 ± 1.3^b
CoNPs (2)	15.2 ± 1.3^bc	14.4 ± 0.89^c	21.4 ± 0.89^bc	20.4 ± 0.89^bc	21 ± 0.7^bc	20 ± 0.7^bc
CoNPs (1)	11.6 ± 1.14^c	11.4 ± 1.34^c	14.2 ± 0.83^c	15.4 ± 0.89^bc	17.4 ± 0.54^bc	17.6 ± 0.89^bc
Z. clinopodioides (64)	28 ± 1.22^b	29.6 ± 0.89^b	32.4 ± 1.34^ab	33.2 ± 0.44^ab	35 ± 0.7^ab	35 ± 0.7^ab
Z. clinopodioides (32)	24.2 ± 0.83^b	24.2 ± 1.3^b	26.4 ± 0.54^b	28.8 ± 0.44^b	33.6 ± 1.14^ab	31.4 ± 1.34^ab
Z. clinopodioides (16)	21.4 ± 1.34^bc	22.2 ± 0.83^bc	23 ± 0.7^b	24.6 ± 0.89^b	27.2 ± 1.3^b	27 ± 0.7^b
Z. clinopodioides (8)	15 ± 1^bc	17.8 ± 0.44^bc	21.8 ± 0.44^bc	21.4 ± 1.34^bc	24.4 ± 0.89^b	21.4 ± 0.54^bc
Z. clinopodioides (4)	11.2 ± 1.3^c	12.6 ± 1.14^c	14 ± 0^c	15.4 ± 0.54^bc	18.4 ± 0.54^bc	17.2 ± 1.3^bc
Z. clinopodioides (2)	9.2 ± 0.83^c	10.6 ± 0.89^c	10.4 ± 1.34^c	12.2 ± 1.3^c	12 ± 1.22^c	14.8 ± 1.09^c
Z. clinopodioides (1)	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	8.8 ± 1.09^c	8.8 ± 0.44^c	10.6 ± 0.89^c	11.8 ± 0.44^c
Co(NO₃)₂ (64)	22 ± 1.22^bc	24.8 ± 0.44^b	25.2 ± 0.44^b	25 ± 1^b	27.6 ± 0.89^b	27.4 ± 1.34^b
Co(NO₃)₂ (32)	15.8 ± 1.09^bc	20 ± 0.7^bc	20 ± 0.7^bc	20.8 ± 0.44^bc	23.8 ± 1.09^b	23 ± 1.22^b
Co(NO₃)₂ (16)	12.2 ± 1.3^c	15.4 ± 1.34^bc	16.6 ± 0.89^bc	18 ± 0.7^bc	19.2 ± 1.3^bc	19.4 ± 1.34^bc
Co(NO₃)₂ (8)	9.4 ± 1.34^c	13 ± 1^c	13 ± 1.22^c	14.4 ± 1.34^c	15 ± 0.7^bc	16.4 ± 0.54^bc
Co(NO₃)₂ (4)	8.4 ± 1.34^c	9.4 ± 0.89^c	10 ± 0^c	11.4 ± 0.54^c	11.6 ± 0.89^c	13 ± 0^c
Co(NO₃)₂ (2)	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	8.8 ± 0.44^c	10.2 ± 1.3^c
Co(NO₃)₂ (1)	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d
Distilled water	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d	0 ± 0^d

Non-identical letters reveal a notable shift between the experimental groups (p ≤ 0.01).

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Table 4 The growth inhibition zones of bacteria in agar disk diffusion assay in various concentrations of CoNPs, Z. clinopodioides, and Co(NO₃)₂.

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