Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population (N = 3,911) by sleep quality.

From: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of poor sleep quality among older adults in Hebei province, China

Variables

Whole sample (N = 3,911)

Those with good sleep quality (N = 3,091)

Those with poor sleep quality (N = 820)

Statistics

n

%

n

%

n

%

\({\chi }^{2}\)

df

P

Age (years)

      

1.0

1

0.32

 65–74

2,754

70.4

2,165

70.0

589

71.8

   

 \(\ge \) 75

1,157

29.6

926

30.0

231

28.2

   

Male

1,892

48.4

1,639

53.0

253

30.9

127.6

1

< 0.001

Married/cohabiting

3,036

77.6

2,433

78.7

604

73.5

10.0

1

0.002

Urban area

826

21.1

695

22.5

131

16.0

16.5

1

< 0.001

Education level

      

25.7

1

< 0.001

 Primary school or belowa

2,640

67.5

2,026

65.5

614

74.9

   

 Secondary school or higher

1,271

32.5

1,065

34.5

206

25.1

   

Unemployed

1,379

35.3

1,106

35.8

273

33.3

1.7

1

0.19

Low incomeb

3,016

77.1

2,340

75.7

676

82.4

16.5

1

< 0.001

Living alone

642

16.4

491

15.9

151

18.4

3.0

1

0.08

Religious beliefs

268

6.8

199

6.4

68

8.3

3.5

1

0.06

Health insurance

3,822

97.7

3,017

97.6

805

98.2

0.93

1

0.34

Major medical conditionsc

2,572

65.8

1,911

61.8

661

80.6

101.6

1

< 0.001

Family history of psychiatric disorders

70

1.8

41

1.3

29

3.5

18.0

1

< 0.001

 

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

t

df

P

Age (years)

72.00

6.09

72.02

6.13

71.94

5.96

0.3

3,909

0.73

  1. Bolded values: < 0.05; M mean, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, SD standard deviation.
  2. Good sleep quality was defined as Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) < 7.
  3. aPrimary school or below = less than 7 years of education.
  4. bLow income: annual household income < RMB30,000 (approximately USD4,242).
  5. cMajor medical conditions included hypertension, diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, cancer, and gastrointestinal diseases.
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