Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics.

From: Impact of admission serum ionized calcium levels on risk of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients

Variables

All

Serum ionized calcium level at hospital admission (mg/dL)

 ≤ 4.39

4.40–4.59

4.60–4.79

4.80–4.99

5.00–5.19

 ≥ 5.20

p

N

25,844

2017

3,598

8,040

7,457

3,270

1,462

 

Age, year

61 ± 17

57 ± 17

61 ± 17

62 ± 17

62 ± 17

61 ± 18

64 ± 17

 < 0.001

Male

14,121 (55)

1,038 (51)

2011 (56)

4,567 (57)

4,144 (56)

1692 (52)

669 (46)

 < 0.001

Caucasian

23,800 (92)

1813 (90)

3,308 (92)

7,430 (92)

6,887 (92)

3,013 (92)

1,349 (92)

0.01

Charlson score

1.9 ± 2.4

1.8 ± 2.5

1.9 ± 2.5

1.9 ± 2.4

1.8 ± 2.3

1.9 ± 2.3

2.3 ± 2.7

 < 0.001

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

85 ± 23

90 ± 24

87 ± 24

85 ± 22

85 ± 23

84 ± 24

81 ± 25

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

Coronary artery disease

Hypertension

Diabetes mellitus

Congestive heart failure

Peripheral vascular disease

Stroke

5,220 (20)

13,096 (51)

4,800 (19)

1634 (6)

858 (3)

2031 (8)

279 (14)

860 (43)

294 (15)

94 (5)

33 (2)

98 (5)

599 (17)

1716 (48)

622 (17)

230 (6)

88 (2)

223 (6)

1612 (20)

4,063 (51)

1,424 (18)

565 (7)

280 (3)

599 (7)

1641 (22)

3,901 (52)

1,443 (19)

440 (6)

274 (4)

608 (8)

730 (22)

1734 (53)

694 (21)

199 (6)

131 (4)

341 (10)

359 (25)

822 (56)

323 (22)

106 (7)

52 (4)

162 (11)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.001

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Emergent/urgent admission type

11,352 (44)

1,145 (57)

1,493 (41)

2,821 (35)

3,260 (44)

1793 (55)

840 (57)

 < 0.001

Medical admission service

12,970 (50)

1,110 (55)

1581 (44)

3,428 (43)

3,798 (51)

2051 (63)

1,002 (69)

 < 0.001

Principal diagnosis

Cardiovascular

Hematology/oncology

Infectious disease

Endocrine/metabolic

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

Injury and poisoning

Other

7,381 (29)

5,445 (21)

671 (3)

720 (3)

1,070 (4)

2,424 (9)

3,679 (14)

4,454 (17)

297 (15)

401 (20)

141 (7)

82 (4)

86 (4)

269 (13)

473 (23)

268 (13)

802 (22)

929 (26)

134 (4)

98 (3)

149 (4)

400 (11)

586 (16)

500 (14)

2,529 (31)

1847 (23)

169 (2)

199 (2)

290 (4)

691 (9)

1,053 (13)

1,262 (16)

2,442 (33)

1,408 (19)

133 (2)

186 (2)

325 (4)

634 (9)

935 (13)

1,394 (19)

933 (29)

574 (18)

56 (2)

80 (2)

146 (4)

306 (9)

473 (14)

702 (21)

378 (26)

286 (20)

38 (3)

75 (5)

74 (5)

124 (8)

159 (11)

328 (22)

 < 0.001

Medication

ACEI/ARB

Diuretics

NSAID

9,378 (36)

9,702 (38)

5,518 (21)

544 (27)

654 (32)

423 (21)

1,220 (34)

1,409 (39)

835 (23)

2,956 (37)

3,220 (40)

1752 (22)

2,851 (38)

2,799 (38)

1571 (21)

1,253 (38)

1,068 (33)

648 (20)

554 (38)

552 (38)

289 (20)

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

0.01

Vasopressor use

3,444 (13)

322 (16)

520 (14)

1,262 (16)

954 (13)

250 (8)

136 (9)

 < 0.001

Mechanical ventilator

6,284 (24)

677 (34)

996 (28)

2,311 (29)

1663 (22)

438 (13)

199 (14)

 < 0.001

Serum phosphatea, mg/dL

3.6 ± 0.9

3.4 ± 1.2

3.5 ± 0.9

3.6 ± 0.9

3.7 ± 0.8

3.7 ± 0.8

3.6 ± 1.0

 < 0.001

Serum magnesium, mg/dL

1.9 ± 0.3

1.7 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.3

1.8 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

 < 0.001

Serum albuminb, g/dL

3.4 ± 0.7

3.2 ± 0.8

3.3 ± 0.7

3.4 ± .0.7

3.5 ± 0.7

3.6 ± 0.7

3.4 ± 0.7

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD; categorical data are presented as count (percentage).
  2. eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACEI angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
  3. aAdmission serum phosphate was available in 17,062 patients.
  4. bAdmission serum albumin was available in 6,622 patients.
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