Table 3 Multivariate analysis of factors associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration below 50 nmol relative to concentrations equal to 50 nmol or over in participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI), 2015–16.

Age group (vs. 50–64 years)

65–74

0.9 (0.7, 1.3)

 ≥ 75

2.0 (1.5, 2.6)*

Women (vs. men)

1.5 (1.0, 2.9)*

Living alone (vs. no)

0.9 (0.5, 1.6)

Race/ethnicity (vs. white)

Brown

1.5 (1.1, 2.1)*

Black

2.1 (1.1, 3.9)*

Yellow/indigenous

1.5 (0.7, 3.4)

Geographical region (vs. north)

Northeast

0.9 (0.4, 2.0)

Center-West

1.5 (0.6, 3.9)

Southeast

1.9 (1.0, 3.5)*

South

4.8 (2.4, 9.3)*

Urban residence (vs. rural)

2.0 (1.1, 3.8)*

Educational level (vs. < 4 years)

4–7

1.1 (0.7, 1.6)

 ≥ 8

1.2 (0.9, 1.8)

Household income per capita (vs. lowest tertile)

2nd

0.7 (0.5, 1.0)

Highest

1.0 (0.6, 1.6)

Daily consumption of fish per week (vs. never or less than once)

Once

1.2 (0.9, 1.6)

Twice

0.7 (0.5, 1.2)

Three times or more

0.5 (0.3, 0.9)*

Current smokers (vs. no)

1.8 (1.1, 2.9)*

Physical activity (< 150 min per week vs. more)

0.8 (0.6, 1.2)

Obesity (≥ 30 kg/m² vs. less)

1.2 (0.9, 1.7)

Basic activities of daily living disability (vs. no)

1.7 (0.8, 1.6)

Spring/summer (vs. autumn/winter)

0.8 (0.5, 1.4)