Table 1 Information of the studied specimens.
Family | Latin name | Phytolith production indexa | Tree/shrub | Parts for experiment | Sampling site |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aceraceae | Acer caudatum Wall | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer komarovii Pojark | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer laxiflorum Pax | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer mandshuricum Maxim | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer negundo Linn | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer oliverianum Pax | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer tataricum sub ginnala (Maximowicz) Wesmael | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Aceraceae | Acer ukurunduense Trautv. et Mey | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Actinidiaceae | Clematoclethra scandens Maxim | NP | Vine | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Anacardiaceae | Rhus chinensis Mill | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Anacardiaceae | Rhus potaninii Maxim | C | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Anacardiaceae | Rhus punjabensis Stewart var. sinica (Diels) Rehd.et Wils | NP | Tree/shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Araliaceae | Eleutherococcus senticosus (Ruprecht & Maximowicz) Maximowicz | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Araliaceae | Gamblea ciliata C. B. Clarke var. evodiifolia (Franchet) C. B. Shang et al | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Asteraceae | Myripnois dioica Bunge | NP | Shrub | Leaf | Gongga Mountain |
Berbeidaceae | Berberis poiretii Schneid | R | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Berberidaceae | Berberis diaphana Maxin | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Berberidaceae | Berberis dictyophylla Franch | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Berberidaceae | Mahonia bealei (Fort.) Carr | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Betulaceae | Betula delavayi Franch | A | Tree/shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Betulaceae | Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Betulaceae | Corylus mandshurica Maxim | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera prostrata Rehder | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Lonicera trichosantha Bureau & Franchet | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Sambucus adnata Wall. ex DC | A | Under shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Viburnum betulifolium Batal | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Viburnum foetidum Wall. var. ceanothoides (C. H. Wright) Hand.-Mazz | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Viburnum opulus L. var. calvescens (Rehd.) | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Caprifoliaceae | Viburnum sp. | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Celastraceae | Euonymus chuii Hand.-Mazz | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Celastraceae | Euonymus phellomanus Loesener | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Celastraceae | Euonymus szechuanensis C. H. Wang | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Cornaceae | Cornus controversa Hemsley | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Cornaceae | Cornus hemsleyi C. K. Schneider & Wangerin | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Cornaceae | Cornus schindleri subsp. poliophylla (C. K. Schneider & Wangerin) Q. Y. Xiang | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Cornaceae | Cornus schindleri Wangerin | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron calophytum Franch | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron concinnum Hemsl | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron galactinum Balf.f. ex Tagg | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron intricatum Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron rubiginosum Franch | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron strigillosum Franch | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron tatsienense Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Ericaceae | Rhododendron vernicosum Franch | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Euphorbiaceae | Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd | A | Tree | Leaf and twig and fruit | Gongga Mountain |
Euphorbiaceae | Discocleidion rufescens (Franch.) Pax & K. Hoffm | NP | Tree/shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Euphorbiaceae | Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall.) Baill | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Euphorbiaceae | Leptopus chinensis (Bunge) Pojark | U | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Eupteleaceae | Euptelea pleiosperma J. D. Hooker & Thomson | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Fagaceae | Fagus engleriana Seem | A | Tree | Leaf | Gongga Mountain |
Fagaceae | Quercus acutissima Carr | A | Tree | Leaf | Gongga Mountain |
Fagaceae | Quercus mongolica Fischer ex Ledebour | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo biloba Linn | NP | Tree | Leaf and twig | Beijing |
Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo biloba Linn | NP | Tree | Leaf and twig | Fujian |
Hamamelidaceae | Corylopsis willmottiae Rehd. & E. H. Wils | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Hamamelidaceae | Hamamelis mollis Oliv | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Hippocastanaceae | Aesculus chinensis Bunge | A | Tree | Leaf | Gongga Mountain |
Juglandaceae | Pterocarya hupehensis Skan | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Lauraceae | Machilus microcarpa Hemsl | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Leguminosae | Lespedeza bicolor Turcz | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Leguminosae | Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont de Courset) G. Don | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Liliaceae | Smilax sp. | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Magnoliaceae | Oyama sieboldii (K. Koch) N. H. Xia & C. Y. Wu | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Moraceae | Ficus tikoua Bur | A | Vine | Leaf and vine | Gongga Mountain |
Moraceae | Morus australis Poir | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Pittosporaceae | Pittosporum truncatum Pritz | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rhamnaceae | Rhamnus parvifolia Bunge | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Rosaceae | Cerasus maximowiczii (Rupr.) Kom | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Rosaceae | Cerasus sp. | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E. H. Wilson | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Potentilla fruticosa L | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Pyracantha crenulata (D. Don) Roem | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rosa acicularis Lindl | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rosa helenae Rehder & E. H. Wilson | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rosa murielae Rehder & E. H. Wilson | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus amabilis Focke | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus crataegifolius Bunge | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus inopertus (Focke) Focke | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus lambertianus Ser. var. glaber Hemsl | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus macilentus Cambess | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus niveus Thunb | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus rosifolius Smith | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus setchuenensis Bureau & Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Rubus subtibetanus Hand.-Mazz | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Sorbaria sorbifolia (Linn.) A. Br | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Rosaceae | Sorbus multijuga Koehne | A | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Sorbus oligodonta (Cardot) Hand.-Mazz | NP | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Sorbus prattii Koehne | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Sorbus setschwanensis (C. K. Schneid.) Koehne | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Spiraea longigemmis Maxim | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rosaceae | Spiraea ovalis Rehder | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Rutaceae | Phellodendron amurense Rupr | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Salicaceae | Populus lasiocarpa Oliv | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Salicaceae | Populus sp. | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Beijing |
Salicaceae | Salix dissa C. K. Schneid | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Salicaceae | Salix ernestii C. K. Schneid | C | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Salicaceae | Salix hylonoma var. liocarpa (Goerz) G. Zhu | NP | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Salicaceae | Salix rehderiana C. K. Schneid | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Salicaceae | Salix wallichiana Andersson | NP | Shrub/tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Saxifragaceae | Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr | A | Shrub | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Saxifragaceae | Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Saxifragaceae | Ribes longiracemosum Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Saxifragaceae | Ribes moupinense Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Schisandraceae | Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill | NP | Vine | Leaf and twig and fruit | Changbai Mountain |
Scrophulariaceae | Paulownia fargesii Franch | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Stachyuraceae | Stachyurus chinensis Franch | NP | Shrub | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Staphyleaceae | Tapiscia sinensis Oliv | NP | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
Tiliaceae | Tilia mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim | A | Tree | Leaf and twig | Changbai Mountain |
Ulmaceae | Zelkova schneideriana Hand.-Mazz | U | Tree | Leaf and twig | Gongga Mountain |
