Table 4 Risk factors for anaemia, univariate and adjusted analysis.

From: A cross-sectional study on risk factors for infection with Parvovirus B19 and the association with anaemia in a febrile paediatric population in Ghana

 

Cases with moderate and severe anaemia (%)

Univariate analysis

Odds ratio (95%-CI)

Pa

Model with B19V

(PCR or IgM)

Adjusted analysisb

Odds ratio (95%-CI)

Pa

Model with B19V-IgM

Adjusted analysisb

Odds ratio (95%-CI)

Pa

Model with B19V-PCR

Adjusted analysisb

Odds ratio (95%-CI)

Pa

Total

598 (50.5)

        

Sex

Female

257 (47.6)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Male

341 (52.9)

1.2 (1.0–1.6)

0.07

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

0.07

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

0.07

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

0.06

Age

 < 5 years

458 (50.2)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

 ≥ 5 years

140 (51.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.70

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.73

1.1 (0.8–1.4)

0.71

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.70

Siblings

None

119 (20.1)

1

0.20

1

 

1

 

1

 

1–2

256 (43.2)

1.3 (0.9–1.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.83

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.90

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.80

3–12

217 (36.7)

1.3 (1.0–1.8)

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

 

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

 

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

 

Ethnicity

Akan

265 (39.8)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Northeners

312 (64.7)

2.8 (2.2–3.5)

 < 0.01

1.8 (1.4–2.5)

 < 0.01

1.8 (1.4–2.5)

 < 0.01

1.8 (1.4–2.5)

 < 0.01

Socioeconomic statusc

High

216 (36.9)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Low

376 (64.5)

3.1 (2.4–3.9)

 < 0.01

2.1 (1.5–2.8)

 < 0.01

2.1 (1.5–2.8)

 < 0.01

2.1 (1.6–2.8)

 < 0.01

G6PD

No

562 (49.4)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

36 (78.3)

3.7 (1.8–7.5)

 < 0.01

2.4 (1.1–5.0)

0.03

2.3 (1.1–5.0)

0.03

2.3 (1.1–4.9)

0.03

Sickle cell disease

No

566 (49.4)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

32 (82.1)

4.7 (2.0–10.7)

 < 0.01

6.8 (2.9–16.3)

 < 0.01

7.1 (3.0–17.0)

 < 0.01

6.9 (2.9–16.6)

 < 0.01

P. falciparumd

No

256 (42.6)

1

 

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

342 (58.7)

1.9 (1.5–2.4)

 < 0.01

1.9 (1.4–2.4)

 < 0.01

1.9 (1.5–2.4)

 < 0.01

1.9 (1.5–2.4)

 < 0.01

Parvovirus B19

Negative

550 (49.6)

1

 

1

 

 –

 

 –

 

IgM or PCR pos

48 (64.0)

1.8 (1.1–2.9)

0.02

1.5 (0.9–2.5)

0.14

 –

 

 –

 

IgMe

Negative

565 (49.7)

1

 

 –

 

1

 

–

 

Positive

33 (71.7)

2.6 (1.3–4.9)

 < 0.01

 –

 

2.6 (1.3–5.3)

 < 0.01

–

 

PCRe

Negative

578 (50.3)

1

 

 –

 

–

 

1

 

Positive

20 (57.1)

1.3 (0.7–2.6)

0.43

 –

 

–

 

0.9 (0.4–1.8)

0.70

  1. aComparison for dichotomous or nominal data was performed using a logistic regression model.
  2. bAdjusted for all other variables in the table.
  3. cThe socioeconomic score was constructed using nine indicator variables (membership of national health insurance, subjective assessment of the financial situation of the family, cooking inside/outside the house, type of water supply, availability of electricity and window screens, ownership of mobile phone, television and fridge) that were included into a tetrachoric correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). Subsequently, a binary variable on socioeconomic status was created in further risk factor analysis by dividing the population into two groups.
  4. dClinical malaria with P. falciparum was defined as a parasite-density of P. falciparum > 12,000/µl and fever ≥ 38.0 °C.
  5. eAll samples with concordant positive serological results in Biotrin- and Mikrogen-assays were considered positive for IgM, all samples reactive by a qualitative PCR assay were considered PCR positive. Six cases had a positive IgM and PCR.
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