Table 2 Statistical comparison of photosynthetic performance of algal-biophotovoltaic device with suspended and immobilized of Chlorella UMACC 313 under conventional white LED light and PLA on days 0, 4, 8, and 12. Data as means ± S.D. (n = 3).

Light source	Day	Culture condition	Fv/Fm	Alpha (α)	rETRmax (µmol electrons m⁻² s⁻¹)	Ek (µmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹)
Conventional White LED Light 90 µ mol photons m^-2 s^-1	0	Suspended	0.226 ± 0.018^ef	0.246 ± 0.042^g	39.7 ± 3.3^gh	164 ± 30^cde
	0	Immobilized	0.317 ± 0.042^ef	0.422 ± 0.015^ef	24.2 ± 3.7^h	57.2 ± 7.4^h
	4	Suspended	0.476 ± 0.055^ed	0.539 ± 0.041^cde	69.1 ± 1.3^def	129 ± 12^efg
	4	Immobilized	0.517 ± 0.022^bc	0.596 ± 0.048^cd	58.3 ± 3.5^defg	99 ± 13^gh
	8	Suspended	0.693 ± 0.013^a	0.559 ± 0.048^cde	125.2 ± 6.9^c	224.3 ± 6.8^bc
	8	Immobilized	0.647 ± 0.066^ab	0.558 ± 0.028^cde	110.5 ± 3.9^c	198 ± 15^bcd
	12	Suspended	0.705 ± 0.016^a	0.614 ± 0.055^c	52.11 ± 0.26^fg	85.2 ± 7.1^gh
	12	Immobilized	0.697 ± 0.026^a	0.552 ± 0.015^cde	56.4 ± 4.2^efg	102.1 ± 8.0^fgh
PLA 90 µ mol photons m⁻² s⁻¹	0	Suspended	0.196 ± 0.023^f	0.358 ± 0.014^fg	38.368 ± 0.010^gh	107.4 ± 4.1^efgh
	0	Immobilized	0.348 ± 0.005^de	0.451 ± 0.014^def	41.4 ± 2.8^gh	91.8 ± 5.1^gh
	4	Suspended	0.523 ± 0.067^bc	0.599 ± 0.060^cd	254 ± 15^a	427 ± 54^a
	4	Immobilized	0.516 ± 0.061^bc	0.372 ± 0.065^fg	76 ± 15^de	203.2 ± 4.8^bcd
	8	Suspended	0.601 ± 0.045^abc	0.794 ± 0.069^ab	126 ± 18^c	160 ± 30^def
	8	Immobilized	0.631 ± 0.011^ab	0.844 ± 0.090^a	190.5 ± 5.4^b	277 ± 20^b
	12	Suspended	0.589 ± 0.035^abc	0.618 ± 0.079^c	130.1 ± 6.9^c	212 ± 21^bcd
	12	Immobilized	0.611 ± 0.025^abc	0.642 ± 0.054^bc	81.8 ± 4.4^d	127.7 ± 5.2^efg

Different letters indicate significant difference between different values (ANOVA, Tukey̕ s HSD test, p < 0.05).

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