Table 2 Polyphenols identified by LC–MS in BQ samples originated from different Indonesia regions (mg/g DM).
From: Distinct phenolic, alkaloid and antioxidant profile in betel quids from four regions of Indonesia
BA-AN | BA-LEAF | BA-HUSK | BA-BQ MIX | NS-AN | NS-LEAF | NS-HUSK | NS-BQ MIX | WK-AN | WK-LEAF | WK-HUSK | WK-BQ MIX | WP-AN | WP-SI | WP-HUSK | WP-BQ MIX | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phenolic acids | ||||||||||||||||
Gallic acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.039 ± 0.06 | 13.42 ± 4.31 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Protocatechuic acid | ND | ND | 0.25 ± 0.037 | ND | ND | ND | 6.99 ± 0.223 | ND | ND | ND | 0.40 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
p-hydroxybenzoic acid | ND | 0.37 ± 0.082 | 0.114 ± 0.09 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | ND | 0.949 ± 0.75 | ND | ND | ND | 0.065 ± 0.014 | 0.43 ± 0.002 | ND | ND | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 0.33 ± 0.065 | ND |
Caffeic acid | ND | ND | 0.004 ± 0.002 | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.002 | 0.006 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | 0.0037 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Caftaric acid | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Syringic acid | ND | 0.37 ± 0.015 | 0.324 ± 0.27 | ND | ND | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.002 | ND | ND | ND | 0.02 ± 0.005 | ND | ND | 0.011 ± 0.006 | 0.094 ± 0.003 | ND |
p-coumaric acid | ND | ND | 0.022 ± 0.002 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.004 ± 0.00 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Ferulic acid | ND | ND | 0.0005 ± 0.0 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.015 ± 0.003 | ND | ND | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | ND |
Sinapic acid | ND | ND | 0.074 ± 0.003 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.015 ± 0.0005 | ND | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.015 ± 0.0004 |
Anthoxanthins and stilbenes | ||||||||||||||||
Procyanidin B1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Catechin | 9.699 ± 0.96 | 0.364 ± 0.02 | 0.276 ± 0.21 | 0.717 ± 0.102 | 8.51 ± 1.03 | 0.469 ± 0.12 | 0.379 ± 0.03 | 1.107 ± 0.22 | 2.335 ± 1.3 | ND | 0.059 ± 0.012 | 1.16 ± 0.21 | 24.18 ± 4.36 | 0.65 ± 0.086 | 5.18 ± 0.39 | 15.95 ± 0.16 |
Procyanidin B2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Epicatechin | 1.462 ± 0.218 | 0.860 ± 0.089 | 0.063 ± 0.035 | 0.064 ± 0.007 | 1.02 ± 0.68 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.026 | 0.061 ± 0.002 | 0.23 ± 0.06 | ND | 0.11 ± 0.007 | ND | 1.045 ± 0.135 | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 0.123 ± 0.03 | 1.05 ± 0.069 |
Polydatin | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Epicatechin gallate | ND | 0.588 ± 0.016 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.082 ± 0.015 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Quercetin-3-galactoside | 0.036 ± 0.0005 | 0.009 ± 0.0001 | 0.047 ± 0.008 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Quercetin-3-glucuronide | ND | 0.006 ± 0.0001 | 0.014 ± 0.002 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.036 ± 0.003 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Quercetin-3-glucoside | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Kaempferol-3-glucoside | ND | ND | 80.66 ± 2.33 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.08 ± 0.003 | ND |
Quercetin-3-rhamnoside | ND | 0.005 ± 0.0003 | 0.028 ± 0.003 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.034 ± 0.004 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
resveratrol | ND | 0.15 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.007 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | ND | 0.018 ± 0.004 | ND | 0.003 ± 0.001 | ND | 0.008 ± 0.0004 | 0.002 ± 0.0003 |
Quercetin | ND | 0.007 ± 0.0002 | ND | 0.05 ± 0.008 | ND | ND | 0.007 ± 0.0003 | ND | ND | ND | 0.012 ± 0.001 | ND | 0.11 ± 0.016 | 0.01 ± 0.001 | 0.06 ± 0.004 | 0.03 ± 0.002 |
Kaempferol | 0.003 ± 0.001 | ND | ND | 0.015 ± 0.01 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.01 ± 0.0 | ND |
