Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with chronic shoulder pain after breast cancer surgery.

Age (years)

54.9 ± 9.1

Female gender (N, %)

52 (100%)

Duration since breast cancer surgery (years)

4.4 ± 4.7

Duration of shoulder pain (years)

1.7 ± 2.4

BMI (kg/m²)

23.8 ± 3.6

Pain on ipsilateral to cancer surgery side

46 (88.5%)

Pain NRS (0–10)

4.2 ± 2.0

Cancer stage

Unknown

2

Stage 0

2

Stage 1

10

Stage 2

24

Stage 3

13

Stage 4

1

Operation side (right side, %)

30 (58.8%)

BCS (N, %)

36 (69.2%)

Reoperation (N, %)

7 (13.5%)

Lymph node dissection (N, %)

49 (94.2%)

Sentinel lymph node dissection

14

Extensive lymph node dissection

35

Radiation therapy (N, %)

43 (82.7%)

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (N, %)^a

8 (15.4%)

Adjuvant chemotherapy (N, %)^a

35 (67.3%)

Hormone therapy (N, %)

37 (71.2%)

Dominant hand (Right side, %)

46 (88.5%)