Table 5 Environmental parameters.

From: A possible link between coral reef success, crustose coralline algae and the evolution of herbivory

Geological stage

Durationa (Ma)

Sea levelb (m)

Tc (°C) (mean)

RCO2d (mean)

Rarefied CCA species diversitye (n/stage)

Grazer origins and diversificationf

Berriasian

5.3000

N/A

N/A

7.60

N/A

0

Valanginian

6.3000

88.7

21.48

8.20

N/A

0

Hauterivian

3.9000

78.2

17.89

6.61

N/A

0

Barremian

5.0000

88.4

22.42

6.61

N/A

0

Aptian

13.0000

103.0

16.21

6.10

9.4

0

Albian

12.4000

144.5

20.50

5.89

9.1

0

Cenomanian

6.0000

149.0

23.66

4.32

14.9

1

Turonian

5.0000

143.9

24.09

4.32

15.2

1

Coniacian

2.8000

152.6

22.79

4.19

15.4

1

Santonian

2.3000

151.1

22.36

4.19

9.2

0

Campanian

12.9000

158.3

19.36

4.19

12.1

0

Maastrichtian

5.1000

143.1

15.64

3.20

15.2

0

Danian

4.4000

121.7

15.91

2.80

17.4

0

Selandian

2.4000

99.5

15.78

2.80

N/A

1

Thanetian

2.9000

87.8

15.85

3.18

16.6

1

Ypresian

7.2000

76.1

18.07

3.18

16.8

1

Lutetian

8.2000

70.9

15.31

2.07

15.9

0

Bartonian

3.2000

71.0

12.97

2.07

16.2

0

Priabonian

3.3000

62.2

11.54

1.42

17.7

0

Rupelian

5.5000

54.4

8.23

1.42

17.0

0

Chattian

5.3700

61.7

10.41

1.16

19.2

0

Aquitanian

2.6000

63.2

10.70

1.16

19.3

0

Burdigalian

4.4600

64.7

10.90

1.16

19.0

0

Langhian

2.1500

63.2

11.08

0.99

18.4

0

Serravallian

2.2120

62.0

8.81

0.99

18.5

1

Tortonian

4.3620

59.6

7.42

0.99

18.2

0

Messinian

1.9140

65.2

6.35

0.99

18.0

1

Zanclean

1.7320

67.2

5.99

0.99

18.5

1

Piacenzian

1.0120

64.5

4.96

0.99

16.0

1

Gelasian

0.7820

60.8

3.43

0.99

N/A

0

Calabrian

1.0250

58.2

2.65

0.99

18.6

0

Ionian

0.6550

55.5

1.63

0.99

18.6

0

L. Pleistocene

0.1143

54.2

1.86

0.99

18.6

0

  1. aCohen, K.M., Harper, D.A.T., Gibbard, P.L. 2017. ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2017/02. International Commission on Stratigraphy, IUGS. www.stratigraphy.org (visited: 2017/01/03).
  2. bMüller et al.63.
  3. cDataset by Veizer and Prokoph64. To adjust for the long-term trend in oxygen isotopic composition of seawater and to calculate the temperature, we followed Veizer and Prokoph64. We detrended the time series using the equation: δ18Opw(‰) = − 0.00003‰ t2 + 0.0046‰ t, with pw being Phanerozoic seawater in standard mean ocean water (SMOW) and t being age in Ma. We calculated the temperature using the equation: T (°C) = 16.9 − 4(δ18O − SMOW − 0.27).
  4. dBerner and Kothavala65.
  5. eAguirre et al.28.
  6. fData for parrot fish based on Choat et al.45. Data for echinoids based on Hopkins and Smith44.
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