Table 2 Beneficial effects of different phenolics detected in in vitro plants of N. jatamansi in UPLC-PDA analysis.

1

Gallic acid

Protection against UV and pathogens³⁹

Cellular communication and signalling²⁵

Anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant activities⁴⁰

2

Cinnamic acid

UV protectant and defence against pathogens³⁹, lignification of cell wall⁴¹

Cellular communication and signalling²⁵

Anticancer, antituberculosis,

antimalarial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiatherogenic and antioxidant activities⁴²

3

p-Coumaric acid

UV protectant and defence against pathogens³⁹

Cellular communication and signalling²⁵

Anti-melanogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous activities⁴³

4

Caffeic acid

UV protectant and defence against pathogens (insects, fungi and bacteria)³⁹

Used for lignin synthesis leading to cell wall thickening

Cellular communication and signalling²⁵

Antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerotic, immunostimulatory, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, anticancer and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activities⁴⁴

5

Ferulic acid

Component of primary cell wall, Cell wall rigidity

Cellular communication and signalling²⁵

UV protectant and defence against pathogens³⁹

Used in skin care products

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic, anti-ageing activities⁴⁵

6

Kaempferol

UV protectant and defence against pathogens⁴⁶

Cellular communication and signalling

Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, cardiovascular, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects⁴⁷

7

Rutin

UV protectant and defence against pathogens⁴⁸

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytoprotective, vasoprotective, anticarcinogenic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antitumor, antiallergic, antiviral, vasoactive, cardioprotective, hypolipidaemic, antiplatelet, antispasmodic, and antihypertensive activities^49,50