Table 2 The model for thermophysical features7,9,10,11,12,13,14.
Properties | Base fluid and solid nanoparticle |
|---|---|
Viscosity | \(\mu_{nf} = \mu_{f} (1 - \chi )^{ - 2.5}\) |
Heat capacity | \(\frac{{(\rho C_{p} )_{nf} }}{{(\rho C_{p} )_{f} }} = (1 - \chi ) + \chi \frac{{(\rho C_{p} )_{s} }}{{(\rho C_{p} )_{f} }},\) |
Density | \(\frac{{\rho_{nf} }}{{\rho_{f} }} = (1 - \chi ) + \chi \frac{{\rho_{s} }}{{\rho_{f} }},\) |
Thermal conductivity | \(\frac{{k_{nf} }}{{k_{f} }} = \frac{{(k_{s} + 2k_{f} ) + 2\chi (k_{s} \, - k_{f} )}}{{(k_{s} + 2k_{f} ) - \chi (k_{s} \, - k_{f} )}},\) |
Electrical conductivity | \(\frac{{\sigma_{nf} }}{{\sigma_{f} }} = \left( {1 + \frac{{3\left( {\sigma_{s} - \sigma_{f} } \right)\chi }}{{\sigma_{s} + 2\sigma_{f} + \left( {\sigma_{f} - \sigma_{s} } \right)\chi }}} \right)\) |
Thermal expansion coefficient | \(\frac{{(\rho \beta )_{nf} }}{{(\rho \beta )_{f} }} = (1 - \chi ) + \chi \frac{{(\rho \beta )_{s} }}{{(\rho \beta )_{f} }},\) |
