Table 3 Values of the base fluid, and nanoparticles for thermophysical characteristics Sheikholeslami and Ganji⁶⁰.

\(\rho \,({\text{kg}}\,{\text{m}}^{ - 3} )\)

997.1

3970

8933

\(\beta \times 10^{5} \,(K^{ - 1} )\)

21

0.85

1.67

\(k\,(Wm^{ - 1} K^{ - 1} )\)

0.613

40

401

\(\sigma \,(\Omega \,{\text{m}})^{ - 1}\)

0.05

1 × 10^–10

5.96 × 10⁷

\({\text{C}}_{p} \,(J\,\,kg^{ - 1} \,K^{ - 1} )\)

4179

765

385