Table 4 Associations between \(\hbox {gVLM}_B\) as biomarker of flavan-3-ol intake and CVD incidence and CVD and all-cause mortality.

From: Biomarker-estimated flavan-3-ol intake is associated with lower blood pressure in cross-sectional analysis in EPIC Norfolk

 

Men (n = 11,592)

Women\(^{\text {b}}\) (n = 14,026)

All-cause

CVD

All-cause

CVD

Incidence

Model 0\(^{\text {a}}\)

–

1.04 (0.97; 1.11)

–

1.06 (0.99; 1.13)

Model 1

–

1.03 (0.96; 1.10)

–

1.03 (0.97; 1.10)

Model 2

–

1.02 (0.95; 1.09)

–

1.02 (0.95; 1.09)

Model 3

–

1.01 (0.95; 1.08)

–

1.01 (0.94; 1.07)

Model 4

–

1.04 (0.98; 1.11)

–

1.02 (0.96; 1.09)

Model 5

–

1.04 (0.98; 1.11)

–

1.01 (0.95; 1.08)

Mortality\(^{\text {c}}\)

Model 0

0.99 (0.91; 1.08)

0.99 (0.86; 1.15)

1.00 (0.92; 1.09)

1.02 (0.87; 1.20)

Model 1

0.98 (0.90; 1.07)

0.99 (0.85; 1.14)

1.00 (0.91; 1.09)

1.01 (0.86; 1.19)

Model 2

0.97 (0.89; 1.05)

0.98 (0.84; 1.13)

0.97 (0.89; 1.06)

0.99 (0.85; 1.16)

Model 3

0.96 (0.88; 1.05)

0.97 (0.83; 1.12)

0.97 (0.88; 1.05)

1.00 (0.86; 1.18)

Model 4

0.98 (0.90; 1.07)

1.01 (0.88; 1.17)

0.97 (0.89; 1.06)

1.01 (0.86; 1.18)

Model 5

0.98 (0.90; 1.07)

1.01 (0.87; 1.17)

0.97 (0.89; 1.06)

1.03 (0.87; 1.20)

  1. Results shown are estimated differences (HR, 95% CI) between low (10th percentile) and high (90th percentile) biomarker concentrations, using different statistical models.
  2. \(^{\text {a}}\)Model 0: stratified by age-decade; model 1: additionally adjusted for BMI; model 2: additionally adjusted for smoking status, physical activity and social class; model 3: additionally adjusted plasma vitamin C as marker of fruit and vegetable intake, tea and coffee intake; model 4: model 2, additionally adjusted for baseline health (self-reported diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident), family history of myocardial infarction, use of anti-hypertensive or lipid-lowering drugs; model 5: model 3, additionally adjusted for baseline health (self-reported diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident), family history of myocardial infarction, use of anti-hypertensive or lipid-lowering drugs.
  3. \(^{\text {b}}\)Additionally adjusted for menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy.
  4. \(^{\text {c}}\)Biomarker concentrations were adjusted by specific gravity.
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