Figure 1

(A) Path of Typhoon Hagibis in 2019, (B) precipitation after 48 h, and (C) location of Mt Okura in Tomioka Town, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. (A,B) are reprinted and modified from Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres Best Track Data (Graphics) published in 2019 (https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/bstve_2019_m.html) and a JMA Report on Typhoon 19 (http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/data/bosai/report/2019/20191012/jyun_sokuji20191010-1013.pdf), under a CC BY license, with permission; (C) shows a map produced by the first author (Y.T.) using GREEN MAP III software (Tokyo Shoseki Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan; https://www.tokyo-shoseki.co.jp/company_english/philosophy.html). Reprinted from GREEN MAP III under a CC BY license with permission from Tokyo Shoseki Co., Ltd.; original copyright 2003.