Table 3 Multiple logistic regression analysis for prevalence of each co-morbidity by HHL (arm span − body height) with adjustment for patient age and BMI.

for Prevalent vertebral fracture

Age (years, + 1SD)

2.28

1.86–2.80

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.13

0.96–1.32

0.16

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

1.89

1.55–2.29

 < 0.001

for Spinal osteoarthritis

Age (years, + 1SD)

2.05

1.72–2.46

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.65

1.40–1.95

 < 0.001

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

1.57

1.31–1.88

 < 0.001

for Diabetes mellitus

Age (years, + 1SD)

1.18

0.94–1.47

0.15

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.74

1.46–2.08

 < 0.001

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

0.82

0.66–1.03

0.09

for Dyslipidemia

Age (years, + 1SD)

0.94

0.81–1.09

0.42

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.43

1.25–1.64

 < 0.001

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

0.87

0.75–1.01

0.06

for Hypertension

Age (years, + 1SD)

2.02

1.70–2.40

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.89

1.61–2.21

 < 0.001

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

1.16

0.99–1.37

0.07

for Vascular events

Age (years, + 1SD)

2.13

1.67–2.72

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.44

1.20–1.72

 < 0.001

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

1.13

0.91–1.40

0.26

for GERD

Age (years, + 1SD)

1.39

1.05–1.85

 < 0.05

BMI (kg/m², + 1SD)

1.05

0.83–1.32

0.71

HHL (cm, + 1SD)

1.75

1.34–2.28

 < 0.001