Table 2 Results of round 2.

From: Delphi methodology for symptomatology associated with visual dysfunctions

 

Refractive

Accommodative

Binocular

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Asthenopia

8.93

1.33

9.14

1.36

8.71

1.71

Avoid near tasks

7.36

2.06

7.79

1.82

7.57

2.06

Be distracted

4.93

3.13

4.57

3.92

4.86

3.68

Blurred vision

9.64

0.61

7.79

2.14

4.93

2.55

Change reading distance

8.21

1.37

8.07

2.52

6.93

2.52

Close one eye

4.29

3.30

3.71

2.68

9.71

0.59

Clumsy/ Stumble with objects

5.64

2.89

2.50

2.90

7.64

2.87

Difficulty completing assignments on time

6.93

1.71

7.64

2.02

7.64

1.95

Difficulty focusing from one distance to another

6.64

2.69

9.43

0.73

5.64

3.15

Difficulty performing schoolwork

8.14

1.41

8.21

1.70

8.21

1.61

Diplopia

4.00

2.88

3.50

3.68

9.14

1.06

Dry or gritty eyes

4.21

2.57

3.79

2.83

2.86

2.82

Excessive blinking

5.71

2.08

5.79

2.24

6.71

2.91

Excessive sensitivity to light

5.50

3.31

2.93

2.63

7.36

3.33

Extraordinary reading or writing posture

6.50

2.56

7.36

2.35

8.21

2.04

Eye turn noticed

4.00

3.40

3.50

2.99

9.57

0.73

Feel sleepy

5.50

3.35

6.14

3.48

5.43

3.22

Fixation difficulty

5.57

3.22

7.00

1.85

8.07

1.33

Forgetful

1.43

1.72

1.79

2.34

2.21

2.93

Get faint colours around words

4.29

3.30

3.21

3.41

3.07

3.24

Head or book tilt

5.00

2.27

4.00

2.45

8.36

1.76

Headache

7.92

3.22

7.79

2.04

8.21

1.78

Inability to estimate distance accurately

5.57

2.61

3.14

2.64

8.79

1.82

Inability to maintain demanding visual effort activities continuously

7.79

1.47

8.43

1.35

8.50

1.35

Irritability with visual effort activities

6.36

2.50

7.36

1.87

7.57

2.66

Lack of concentration

7.29

2.19

7.79

1.66

8.00

1.56

Loss of place when reading

5.50

2.97

6.07

2.68

8.21

1.82

Mist/Spiderweb

7.29

1.67

5.14

2.82

2.21

2.86

Neck and/or back pain

3.64

3.08

3.50

2.87

5.57

2.87

Ocular pain

5.36

2.35

5.93

2.74

4.93

2.89

Pain in the area of the eyebrows

6.00

2.20

5.57

3.06

4.86

3.00

Pulling eyes

6.64

2.19

7.07

2.52

6.00

2.88

Reading problems

6.93

2.52

7.93

2.09

8.07

2.09

Red eye

5.36

2.22

5.14

2.67

4.00

2.88

Rubbing of eyes

7.36

1.67

7.21

2.57

7.07

2.68

School performance problems

5.79

3.71

6.21

3.78

6.36

3.64

Sore eyes

5.71

2.68

5.43

2.90

4.93

3.39

Squint to see better

9.36

0.97

6.36

3.24

3.21

3.07

Stomach ache or nausea

4.29

2.37

4.57

3.20

6.86

2.87

Tearing

6.14

2.36

6.29

2.43

6.36

2.64

Visual discomfort

8.14

1.41

8.29

1.79

8.43

1.40

Visual fatigue

8.14

1.77

8.29

2.58

7.93

2.49

Watery eyes

5.93

2.43

5.64

2.72

5.71

3.49

Words appear to move or jump at near vision

6.71

2.05

7.29

2.52

6.64

3.04

  1. Mean and standard deviation (SD) of scores given by the panel of experts, relating each of the 44 symptoms to visual dysfunctions (refractive, accommodative and binocular anomalies). Score scale from 0 to 10.
Back to article page