Figure 3
Estimated force-angle relationships (F-a-r) of the triceps surae muscle–tendon unit. Participant specific (grey lines) and mean (black line) F-a-r estimated from various literature-based in vivo Achilles tendon moment arm angle functions (AT MA-a-functions). The grey shaded area marks the plateau region of the mean F-a-r with no differences in neighboring force level (p > 0.05). Ankle angles left/right of the plateau region represent the ascending/descending limbs of the F-a-r (p < 0.05), respectively. Subplot titles indicate the AT MA-a-function used for the estimation of triceps muscle–tendon unit forces (see also Table 1). Identical symbols (*, #) indicate which MA-a-functions do not lead to statistically significant differences in calculated force. (0° ankle joint angle refers to neutral foot position; DF dorsiflexion, PF plantar flexion angles).
