Table 5 Subgroup analysis for the 30 subjects with baseline K-MMSE scores of ≤ 28.

From: Effect of desalted Salicornia europaea L. ethanol extract (PM-EE) on the subjects complaining memory dysfunction without dementia: a 12 week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

		PM-EE (n = 17)	Placebo (n = 13)	P value	Required sample number^¶ (effect size)
ADAS-K	Baseline	6.67 ± 4.81	6.31 ± 4.24	0.7692^§	470
	12 week	5.20 ± 2.69	5.72 ± 4.20	0.7692^§	(0.128)
	Change	− 1.47 ± 2.80	− 0.59 ± 3.90	0.2856^†
	P value^‡	0.0455*	0.5957	0.2856^†
ADAS-cog	Baseline	6.61 ± 4.64	6.23 ± 4.21	0.7692^§	566
	12 week	5.08 ± 2.44	5.49 ± 3.90	0.7692^§	(0.117)
	Change	− 1.53 ± 2.90	− 0.74 ± 3.74	0.2949^†
	P value^‡	0.0448*	0.4874	0.2949^†
ADAS memory	Baseline	5.31 ± 3.63	4.31 ± 2.29	0.6149^§	346
	12 week	3.96 ± 2.27	3.64 ± 1.83	0.6149^§	(0.149)
	Change	− 1.35 ± 2.61	− 0.67 ± 1.82	0.4257^†
	P value^‡	0.0481*	0.2119	0.4257^†
ADAS language	Baseline	0.94 ± 0.90	1.23 ± 1.17	0.5373^§	810
	12 week	1.00 ± 0.94	1.62 ± 2.02	0.5373^§	(0.098)
	Change	0.06 ± 0.83	0.38 ± 2.14	0.7946^†
	P value^‡	0.7731	0.5296	0.7946^†
ADAS executive function	Baseline	0.35 ± 0.86	0.69 ± 1.49	0.6532^§	NA
	12 week	0.12 ± 0.33	0.23 ± 0.44	0.6532^§
	Change	− 0.24 ± 0.83	− 0.46 ± 1.45	0.9794^†
	P value^‡	0.2603	0.2735
ADAS-non cog	Baseline	0.06 ± 0.24	0.08 ± 0.28	0.8845^§	394
	12 week	0.12 ± 0.33	0.23 ± 0.44	0.8845^§	(0.140)
	Change	0.06 ± 0.24	0.15 ± 0.38	0.4208^†
	P value^‡	0.3322	0.1654
K-CWST word reading valid answer (no)	Baseline	110.65 ± 2.89	111.31 ± 2.21	0.1620^§	154
	12 week	111.18 ± 2.90	111.31 ± 2.21	0.1620^§	(0.221)
	Change	0.53 ± 1.59	0.00 ± 0.41	0.3385^†
	P value^‡	0.1876	1.0000	0.3385^†
K-CWST word reading evaluation time (s)	Baseline	73.94 ± 23.69	72.31 ± 20.91	1.0000^§	172
	12 week	65.12 ± 17.58	70.46 ± 27.92	1.0000^§	(0.210)
	Change	− 8.82 ± 16.29	− 1.85 ± 16.03	0.5025^†
	P value^‡	0.0402*	0.6852	0.5025^†
K-CWST color reading valid answer (no)	Baseline	98.59 ± 26.34	107.69 ± 4.82	0.4100^§	78
	12 week	106.82 ± 8.01	103.00 ± 16.23	0.4100^§	(0.306)
	Change	8.24 ± 25.02	− 4.69 ± 13.24	0.0184^†*
	P value^‡	0.1936	0.2256	0.0184^†*
K-CWST color reading evaluation time (s)	Baseline	149.82 ± 48.12	140.08 ± 46.85	0.5300^§	446
	12 week	133.29 ± 29.99	130.92 ± 36.24	0.5300^§	(0.132)
	Change	− 16.53 ± 30.17	− 9.15 ± 24.98	0.6152^†
	P value^‡	0.0382*	0.2111	0.6152^†
ASCS-ADL	Baseline	75.00 ± 0.00	74.92 ± 0.28	0.2818^§	2672
	12 week	74.59 ± 0.80	74.62 ± 0.96	0.2818^§	(0.054)
	Change	− 0.41 ± 0.80	− 0.31 ± 1.03	0.4796^†
	P value^‡	0.0486*	0.3033	0.4796^†
SGDS	Baseline	4.18 ± 3.66	3.62 ± 3.18	0.6634^§	262
	12 week	2.47 ± 3.30	2.62 ± 3.23	0.6634^§	(0.171)
	Change	− 1.71 ± 2.44	− 1.00 ± 1.53	0.7491^†
	P value^‡	0.0109*	0.0360	0.7491^†
CERAD-K word list memory	Baseline	18.76 ± 4.04	18.38 ± 4.93	0.8180^§	13,230
	12 week	22.88 ± 3.02	22.69 ± 5.31	0.8180^§	(0.024)
	Change	4.12 ± 3.90	4.31 ± 3.90	0.8958^†
	P value^‡	0.0005*	0.0018*	0.8958^†
CERAD-K word delayed recall	Baseline	7.65 ± 1.54	7.46 ± 1.51	0.7437^§	3998
	12 week	8.35 ± 1.73	8.31 ± 1.97	0.7437^§	(0.044)
	Change	0.71 ± 1.69	0.85 ± 1.46	0.8117^†
	P value^‡	0.1037	0.0591	0.8117^†
CERAD-K word recognition	Baseline	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	–	NA
	12 week	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	–
	Change	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00	–
	P value^‡	–	–	–

The data are reported as the mean ± standard deviation. ADAS-K: Korean version of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, ADAS-cog/non-cog: cognitive/non-cognitive domains of the ADAS-K, K-CWST: Korean version of the Color-Word Stroop Test, ADCS-ADL: Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living, SGDS: Short-form Geriatric Depression Scale, and CERAD-K: Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease. *P < 0.05, ^§P value for the PM-EE group and the placebo group, by paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test † P value for the PM-EE group and the placebo group, by ANCOVA adjusted by baseline, and ‡ P value for the change from baseline, by paired t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test, and ^¶ the total number of study subjects required to reach a statistical significance.

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Table 5 Subgroup analysis for the 30 subjects with baseline K-MMSE scores of ≤ 28.

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