Figure 2

(a) Proximal skin (infraclavicular) temperature, (b) distal skin (foot) temperature, (c) core body (rectum) temperature, (d) distal–proximal skin temperature gradient (DPG), (e) heart rate, and (f) subjective sleepiness score during the thermal manipulation period, the observation period, and the first and second half of the sleep periods (respectively, 30 min means) under the warming and sham conditions. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM of eighteen subjects. Comparisons were performed relative to the sham condition using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.