Table 2 Material properties used for the full spine validation test.

Vertebral bodies

E = 12 GPa; \(v\) = 0.3⁵⁰

–

Intervertebral discs

E = 42.7 MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁴⁹

–

Psoas major muscle

E = 0.52 MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵¹

2.73 mm⁴⁸

Multifidus muscle

E = 36.87 kPa MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵⁸

 ~ 4.5 mm⁴⁸

Longissimus muscle

E = 36.87 kPa MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵⁸

4.03 mm⁴⁸

Latissimus dorsi muscle

E = 36.87 kPa MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵⁸

 ~ 4.5 mm⁴⁸

Intertransversarius muscles

E = 36.87 kPa MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵⁸

 ~ 1 mm⁴⁸

Tendons

E = 1 GPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵²

–

Thoracolumbar fascia

E = 450 MPa; \(v\) = 0.499 (Incompressible)⁵⁷

–

Abdominal wall

E = 25 kPa; \(v\) = 0.45⁵⁶

9.7 mm⁵⁶