Table 1 Characteristics of Tuberculosis case-notifications in the General Population and Penitentiary Centers during the period 2009–2018.

From: Increased incarceration rates drive growing tuberculosis burden in prisons and jeopardize overall tuberculosis control in Paraguay

Category

General Population

Penitentiary Centers

p. value, men vs women*

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total population, thousands

66,092

33,356

32,735

101

94

6

< 0.0001

Number of TB cases

25,770

17,891

7879

2764

2728

36

< 0.0001

Notification rate, TB cases /100.000 hab

39.0

53.6

24.1

2742.4

2887.7

570.0

< 0.0001

HIV status reported, %**

66.2

67.8

62.7

87.0

87.1

80.6

0.853

Co-infection TB/VIH, %***

7.2

7.9

5.7

4.8

4.8

8.3

0.342

Bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary, %

68.9

71.6

62.9

91.0

91.1

77.8

0.652

Clinically diagnosed pulmonary, %

21.8

19.7

26.5

6.2

6.0

16.7

0.809283

Extrapulmonary, %

9.3

8.7

10.6

2.9

2.9

5.6

0.362

Treatment success,%

67.9

66.3

71.6

77.7

77.5

66.7

0.481

  1. *p values calculated with the Chi-square test comparing prisoners’ data by sex.
  2. **HIV status based on a positive or negative status result or AIDS diagnosis from the time of tuberculosis notification.
  3. ***% HIV co-infection calculated as percentage positive HIV + results among those with HIV status reported.