Table 4 Subgroup analyses for MHT and CVD outcomes in observational studies.
Variable | Subgroup | No. of studies | Summary estimates (95% CI)* | I2 (%) | P for heterogeneity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All-cause death | |||||
Regimen | E only | 7 | 0.85 (0.77–0.95) | 59.5 | 0.02 |
Combined EP | 7 | 0.61 (0.34–1.09) | 99.3 | < 0.01 | |
Duration | < 5 years | 2 | 0.65 (0.25–1.64) | 98.0 | < 0.01 |
≥ 5 years | 2 | 0.81 (0.50–1.30) | 88.5 | < 0.01 | |
Timing of initiation | Early | 8 | 0.68 (0.51–0.92) | 94.6 | < 0.01 |
Late | 6 | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 83.3 | < 0.01 | |
Routes of administration | Oral | 2 | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 0.0 | 0.75 |
Non-oral | 3 | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 49.1 | 0.14 | |
Underlying diseases | With | 3 | 1.26 (0.34–4.64) | 91.6 | < 0.01 |
Without | 12 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 89.0 | < 0.01 | |
Recency of MHT | Past | 4 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 57.8 | 0.07 |
Current | 4 | 0.90 (0.78–1.03) | 85.8 | < 0.01 | |
Study design | Cohort | 15 | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 88.7 | < 0.01 |
Case–control | 0 | – | – | – | |
Nested case–control | 0 | – | – | – | |
Study quality | Good and fair | 12 | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 89.0 | < 0.01 |
Poor | 3 | 1.26 (0.34–4.64) | 91.6 | < 0.01 | |
Stroke | |||||
Regimen | E only | 9 | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 65.9 | < 0.01 |
Combined EP | 6 | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 92.0 | < 0.01 | |
Duration | < 5 years | 3 | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) | 0.0 | 0.43 |
≥ 5 years | 2 | 1.22 (1.16–1.29) | 5.0 | 0.30 | |
Timing of initiation | Early | 4 | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 22.0 | 0.28 |
Late | 6 | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | 59.2 | 0.03 | |
Routes of administration | Oral | 5 | 1.24 (1.11–1.39) | 50.7 | 0.09 |
Non-oral | 5 | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.0 | 0.91 | |
Underlying diseases | With | 3 | 1.19 (0.27–5.26) | 81.8 | < 0.01 |
Without | 10 | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 69.6 | < 0.01 | |
Recency of MHT | Past | 3 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.0 | 0.99 |
Current | 3 | 1.17 (1.12–1.22) | 0.0 | 0.88 | |
Study design | Cohort | 9 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 55.1 | 0.02 |
Case–control | 2 | 0.84 (0.75–0.94) | 0.0 | 0.44 | |
Nested case–control | 2 | 1.22 (1.11–1.34) | 0.0 | 0.82 | |
Study quality | Good and fair | 10 | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) | 72.1 | < 0.01 |
Poor | 3 | 1.27 (0.40–4.02) | 77.3 | 0.01 | |
VTE | |||||
Regimen | E only | 8 | 0.93 (0.79–1.08) | 0.0 | 0.51 |
Combined EP | 6 | 2.21 (1.51–3.22) | 90.1 | < 0.01 | |
Duration | < 5 years | 4 | 1.23 (1.02–1.47) | 0.0 | 0.88 |
≥ 5 years | 2 | 1.19 (0.95–1.51) | 0.0 | 0.39 | |
Timing of initiation | Early | 6 | 1.55 (1.26–1.92) | 31.4 | 0.20 |
Late | 5 | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 2.9 | < 0.01 | |
Routes of administration | Oral | 9 | 1.41 (1.19–1.67) | 72.5 | < 0.01 |
Non-oral | 7 | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 70.8 | < 0.01 | |
Underlying diseases | With | 0 | – | – | – |
Without | 12 | 1.32 (1.13–1.54) | 63.0 | < 0.01 | |
Recency of MHT | Past | 6 | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 31.4 | 0.20 |
Current | 6 | 1.52 (1.45–1.60) | 0.0 | 0.66 | |
Study design | Cohort | 6 | 1.25 (1.01–1.55) | 38.9 | 0.15 |
Case–control | 5 | 1.43 (1.07–1.91) | 80.8 | < 0.01 | |
Nested case–control | 1 | 1.34 (1.03–1.73) | – | – | |
Study quality | Good and fair | 10 | 1.28 (1.08–1.51) | 65.7 | < 0.01 |
Poor | 2 | 1.60 (1.15–2.22) | 0.0 | 0.35 | |
MI | |||||
Regimen | E only | 9 | 0.85 (0.79–0.91) | 0.0 | 0.67 |
Combined EP | 8 | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) | 20.4 | 0.27 | |
Duration | < 5 years | 3 | 0.91 (0.73–1.12) | 0.0 | 0.54 |
≥ 5 years | 2 | 0.51 (0.34–0.76) | 0.2 | 0.32 | |
Timing of initiation | Early | 3 | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 0.0 | 0.80 |
Late | 4 | 0.79 (0.73–0.84) | 0.0 | 0.68 | |
Routes of administration | Oral | 2 | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) | 83.3 | 0.01 |
Non-oral | 3 | 0.75 (0.60–0.93) | 0.0 | 0.45 | |
Underlying diseases | With | 1 | 0.84 (0.72–0.98) | – | – |
Without | 9 | 0.79 (0.74–0.84) | 0.0 | 0.88 | |
Recency of MHT | Past | 4 | 0.84 (0.75–0.95) | 0.0 | 0.68 |
Current | 4 | 0.81 (0.59–1.10) | 76.7 | < 0.01 | |
Study design | Cohort | 5 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.0 | 0.79 |
Case–control | 5 | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | 0.0 | 0.94 | |
Nested case–control | 0 | – | – | – | |
Study quality | Good and fair | 7 | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.0 | 0.78 |
Poor | 3 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.0 | 0.89 |