Table 1 Young men's knowledge of the TC risk factors; data are shown as percentages of selected answers that agreed with the statements regarding the increased risk of cancer development.

From: Cancer education matters: a report on testicular cancer knowledge, awareness, and self-examination practice among young Polish men

Risk factors for testicular cancer

HS (%)

MS (%)

p

Pre-clinical MS (%)

Clinical MS (%)

p

Proven risk factors

Cryptorchidism

20.9

37.9

 < 0.001

38.2

37.5

0.913

Family history of TC

65.7

89.2

 < 0.001

91.5

86.3

0.029

HPV infection

32.5

29.6

0.378

28.7

30.8

0.599

Unproven risk factors

High sexual activity

20.6

11.5

 < 0.001

11.6

11.3

0.986

Androgyne intake

21.8

9.0

 < 0.001

6.3

12.5

0.005

Lack of intimate places’ hygiene

37.9

15.6

 < 0.001

15.0

16.5

0.651

Use of heated seats

22.4

26.1

0.214

35.0

14.9

 < 0.001

  1. HS, high school students; MS, medical students.
  2. p value: two proportion Z-test - HS versus MS and pre-clinical MS versus clinical MS.
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