Figure 1

Experimental protocol. (A) Participants performed a 2-AFC orientation-discrimination task. Pre-cues and post-cues were presented before and after the stimuli, respectively. Exogenous cues appeared in the periphery, above one of the two stimulus locations. Endogenous cues appeared at the center of the screen (the display is not at scale for visibility purposes) and indicated one of the two stimulus locations The ISI between the cue and the gratings was shorter for the exogenous (50 ms) than the endogenous (250 ms) conditions. A response cue indicated the target location and instructed participants to indicate whether the target grating was tilted clockwise or counterclockwise of vertical by pressing one of two keys. To provide feedback, the fixation-cross turned green or red for a correct or an incorrect answer, respectively. (B) Behavioral performance averaged across participants (black dots) and for each of them (colored dots; n = 5) for endogenous (left) and exogenous (right) attention. (Top) Performance accuracy (d’; top) and median reaction time (bottom) as a function of cueing condition. V, valid cue (same location of pre-cue/post-cue as response cue). IN, invalid cue (different location of pre-cue/post-cue than response cue). Pre, pre-cue presented before the stimuli. Post, post-cue presented after the stimuli. Valid cues induced more accurate and faster responses (there was no speed-accuracy trade-off). Error bars, ± 1 SEM across participants.