Table 1 SKin Ulceration Diseases in sea cucumbers, the associated pathogens and the potential causes. Legend: Species; H. sca.: Holothuria scabra; A. jap.: Apostichopus japonicus; H. arg.: Holothuria arguinensis; Pseudoalteromonas: P.; Vibrio: V.; Stages; J: juveniles; A: adults; Ref.: references.
Pathogen(s)/cause(s) | Species | Stage(s) | Experimental induction of SKUD | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assay(s) | Result(s) | ||||
Studies investigating the impact of biotic factors (bacteria, virus…) | |||||
Arcobacter bivalviorum, P. citrea, P. sp., V. azureus, V. fortis, V. owensii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. rotiferianus, V. tubiashi, V. sp. | H. sca | J | No assay (Detection only) | ||
V. alginolyticus | H. sca | J | No assay (Detection only) | ||
V. salmonicida | H. sca | A | No assay (Detection only) | ||
V. harveyi | H. sca | A | No assay (Detection only) | ||
Bacterium from the CFB group, Roseobacter sp., V. sp., V. natriegens, V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus | H. sca | J | (i) Immersion (ii) Contact | No induction | |
V. gigantis, V. crassostreae, P. spongiae, Alteromonas mediterranea | H. arg | A | No assay (Detection only) | ||
Unidentified Bacteria | A. jap | A | Immersion2 | SKUD induction | |
Bacteria from CFB group, Alteromonadales, Vibrionales | A. jap | A | No assay (Detection only) | ||
V. cyclitrophicus, V. splendidus, V. harveyi, V. tasmaniensis, Photobacterium sp., Arthrobacter protophormiae, Staphylococcus equorum | A. jap | A | (i) Body wall injection1 (ii) Immersion | SKUD induction | |
Shewanella marisflavi | A. jap | A | (i) Body wall injection (ii) Intracoelomic injection | SKUD induction | |
P. sp., P. tetraodonis | A. jap | A | (i) Immersion (ii) Intracoelomic injection | SKUD induction | |
V. splendidus, Shewanella sp., P. tetraodonis | A. jap | A | Intracoelomic injection | SKUD induction | |
V. splendidus | A. jap | A | Immersion | SKUD induction | |
Unidentified virus | A. jap | A | Immersion2 | SKUD induction | |
Unidentified virus | A. jap | A | (i) Immersion (ii) Intracoelomic injection | SKUD induction | |
Studies investigating the impact of abiotic factors (food quality, salinity, temperature…) | |||||
High temperatures, High stocking densities | A. jap | A | No assay | ||
Non-adequate food | H. sca | A | Ingestion | SKUD induction | |
Low salinity (i.e. 20‰) | H. sca | A | Immersion | SKUD induction | |
