Figure 3

Malondialdehyde (MDA) content (nmol/g fresh weight (FW)) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) (dS/m) in cotton leaves under different types of salt–alkali stress (NaCl (CS), Na₂SO₄ (SS), and Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃ (AS)). Columns with bars represent the mean ± standard error (n = 3). Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the control (CK) and the salt–alkali stress (**p < 0.01). (a–c) indicate the MDA content in cotton leaves under NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃ stress, respectively. (d–f) indicate the REC in cotton leaves under NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃ stress, respectively.