Figure 1

(A) Map of the three climatic regions of the Atlantic Forest (sensu45). We sampled skin microbiomes of 1140 treefrogs (Anura: Hylidae and Phyllomedusidae) from (B) 71 species over a latitudinal transect at the Atlantic Forest from 23 localities (i.e. orange dots) to test for differences in the amphibian skin bacterial community. 819 treefrogs remained in analysis after rarefaction (C) Number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were calculated as a measure of amphibian skin bacterial richness. (D) Simpson’s evenness was calculated as a measure of amphibian skin bacterial abundance. Differences between latitudinal groups were analyzed using a Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction. The map (A) was created with Adobe Illustrator 2021. NAF = North Atlantic Forest. CAF = Central Atlantic Forest. SAF = South Atlantic Forest.