Figure 2

HTP-GTE augments the number of functional synapses without affecting synaptic strength at hippocampal circuit in OVX rats. (a–d) Sample traces showed miniature EPSCs for both groups. (e) Cumulative probability plots of mEPSC amplitude. mEPSC amplitude nearby sham resilient (Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs OVX helpless + vehicle: p = 0.9829; Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg: p = 0.3581; Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg: p = 0.9829, Kolmogorov–Smirnov two-sample test). (f) The mean amplitude of mEPSC for sham-OVX resilient + vehicle, OVX helpless + vehicle, OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg, and OVX + HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg group (Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle: 8.47 \(\pm \) 0.57, n = 6 slices/3 rats; OVX helpless + vehicle: 7.78 \(\pm \) 0.69, n = 7 slices/3 rats; OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg: 7.99 \(\pm \) 1.52, n = 7 slices/3 rats; OVX + HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg: 7.24 \(\pm \) 1.16, n = 6 slices/3 rats). (g) Cumulative probability plots of mEPSC frequency. mEPSC frequency nearby sham resilient (Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs OVX helpless + vehicle: p < 0.01; Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg: p = 0.1863; Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle vs HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg: p = 0.557, Kolmogorov–Smirnov two-sample test). (h) The mean frequency of mEPSC for all groups (Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle: 3.52 \(\pm \) 0.19, n = 6 slices/3 rats; OVX helpless + vehicle: 2.33 \(\pm \) 0.24, n = 7 slices/3 rats; OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg: 3.39 \(\pm \) 0.28, n = 7 slices/3 rats; OVX + HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg: 3.88 \(\pm \) 0.28, n = 6 slices/3 rats). (i–l) Representative golgi-stained dendritic segments of CA1 pyramidal neuron from animals on sham-OVX resilient + vehicle, OVX helpless + vehicle, OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg, and OVX + HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg groups. (m) Quantitative analysis of spine density for all groups (Sham-OVX resilient + vehicle: 38.00 \(\pm \) 1.47; OVX helpless + vehicle: 23.63 \(\pm \) 1.89; OVX + HTP-GTE 200 mg/kg: 39.14 \(\pm \) 2.25; OVX + HTP-GTE 400 mg/kg: 40.29 \(\pm \) 2.99, 3–4 brains/group). Data are represented as mean \(\pm \) SEM (One-way ANOVA/Tukey’s post hoc test *** p < 0.001).