Table 4 The accumulation of chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles and conventional hexaconazole residue found on the leaf, where different letters in the same column indicate significant differences between means (p ≤ 0.05) according to Tukey’s test.

Days after treatment

The concentration of chitosan-hexaconazole nanoparticles residue (ng/g)

Days after treatment

The concentration of conventional hexaconazole residue (ng/g)³¹

Single dose (4.5 g a.i./palm)

Double dose (9.0 g a.i/palm.)

Single dose (4.5 g a.i./palm)

Double dose (9.0 g a.i./palm)

0 (6 h)

ND

< 8.7^a

0 (6 h)

128.0 ± 4.0^a

216.0 ± 5.0^a

1

ND

12.0 ± 0.9^b

1

97.0 ± 12.0^b

171.0 ± 7.0^a

3

ND

34.2 ± 0.4^c

3

52.0 ± 1.0^b

91.0 ± 4.0^b

7

ND

47.4 ± 3.5^d

7

59.0 ± 3.0^b

65.0 ± 3.0^b

14

ND

61.7 ± 3.7^e

14

44.0 ± 1.0^b

56.0 ± 6.0^c

30

< 8.7^a

75.1 ± 7.3^e

21

28.0 ± 1.0^b

62.0 ± 2.0^d

60

18.5 ± 2.4^b

50.0 ± 1.8^d

30

ND

29.0 ± 3.1^c

90

15.3 ± 3.0^b

37.4 ± 2.1^c

70

ND

ND

120

< 8.7^a

27.9 ± 0.6^c