Table 3 Multivariate and univariate analysis results following a 2 × 3 RMANOVA assessing the influence of walking speed instruction and task on the maximum Lyapunov exponent (MaxLyE).

From: The effects of walking speed and mobile phone use on the walking dynamics of young adults

 

Task

Walking speed

Walking speed × task

Multivariate

 

F6,72 = 3.41

F3,17 = 0.64

F6,72 = 0.71

 

(p < 0.05)

(p = 0.60)

(p = 0.64)

 

Λ = 0.61

Λ = 0.90

Λ = 0.89

 

Task

Walking speed (no multivariate effect)

Walking speed × task (no multivariate effect)

Univariate

AP

F2,38 = 6.47

F1,19 = 0.14

F2,38 = 1.43

(p < 0.05)

(p = 0.72)

(p = 0.25)

VT

F2,38 = 4.63

F1,19 = 0.24

F2,38 = 0.73

(p < 0.05)

(p = 0.63)

(p = 0.49)

ML

F2,38 = 3.22

F1,19 = 0.40

F2,38 = 0.24

(p = 0.05)

(p = 0.54)

(p = 0.79)

  1. ‘Λ’ denotes Wilk’s lambda; ‘F’ denotes the F-statistic (extent of the difference between group means).
  2. ‘p’ denotes the statistical significance; the threshold for significance was set at p < 0.05.
  3. ML mediolateral measurement axis, VT vertical measurement axis, AP anteroposterior measurement axis.
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