Table 1 Summary of the effect of cryopreservation on DNA damage performed by comet assay in whole blood and different isolated human cells.
References | Sample | Cryopreservation method | Method of thawing | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Time | Volume of sample (µL) | Cryoprotectant | ||||
Akor-Dewu et al.18 | PBMCs | − 20 | 11 months | 1000 | Yes. Freezing medium (DMEM with 20% FBS, 10% DMSO) | Not reported | ⬆ SBs in fresh compared to cryopreserved PBMCs |
PBMCs | − 80 | 11 months | 1000 | Yes. Freezing medium (DMEM with 20% FBS, 10% DMSO) | Not reported | ⬆ SBs in fresh compared to cryopreserved PBMCs | |
WB | − 20 | 11 months | 200 | No | Not reported | ⬆ SBs in cryopreserved compared to fresh whole blood | |
Al-Salmani et al.19 | WB | − 80 | 1 month | 250 | No | Thawed for up to 30 min at 4 °C | ⬌ DNA damage |
WB | − 20 | 1 week | 250 | No | Thawed for up to 30 min at 4 °C | ⬌ DNA damage | |
Del Bo' et al.20 | PBMCs | − 80 | 12 months | 1000 | Yes. Freezing medium (50% FBS, 40% RPMI 1640 and 10% DMSO) | Gently thawed in a water bath at 37 °C and centrifuged to remove the medium | ⬆ background DNA damage |
⬆ Fpg-sensitive sites | |||||||
⬇ H2O2 -induced DNA damage in cryopreserved compared to fresh PBMCs | |||||||
Duthie et al.21 | Lymphocytes | − 80 | Up to 2 months | 500 µL | Yes. Freezing medium (90% v/v heat-inactivated FBS and 10% v/v DMSO) | Rapidly thawed at 37 °C and immediately centrifuged to remove the freezing medium | ⬌ DNA damage |
Gajsky et al.22 | WB | − 80 | Up to 5 years | 200–400 | No | Quickly thawed in a 37 °C water bath | ⬌ DNA damage |
Ho et al.23 | Lymphocytes | − 80 | 2–3 days and 4 weeks | 500 | Yes. Freezing medium (FBS and DMSO in a ratio of 9:1) | Quickly thawed in a 37 °C water bath | ⬌ DNA damage |
Koppen et al.24 | WB | − 80 | 12 months | 500 | Yes. Freezing medium (70% RPMI 1640, 20% FBS and 10% DMSO) | Quickly thawed in a 37 °C water bath | ⬌ DNA damage |
PBMCs | − 80 | 4–6 weeks | 500 | Yes. Freezing medium (70% RPMI 1640, 20% FBS and 10% DMSO) | Quickly thawed in a 37 °C water bath | ⬌ DNA damage | |
Ladeira et al.25 | WB | − 80 | 1, 4 and 12 weeks | 200–250 | No | Rapidly thawed at 37 °C | ⬌ DNA damage |
PBMCs | − 80 | 1 and 4 weeks | 200–250 | Yes. Freezing medium (10% DMSO, 40% RPMI 1640 and 50% FBS) | Rapidly thawed at 37 °C | ⬌ DNA damage | |
− 80 | 12 weeks | 200–250 | Yes. Freezing medium (10% DMSO, 40% RPMI 1640 and 50% FBS) | Rapidly thawed at 37 °C | ⬆ background DNA damage | ||
⬆ Fpg-sensitive sites | |||||||
⬆ H2O2 -induced DNA damage in cryopreserved compared to fresh PBMCs | |||||||
Milic et al.26 | WB | − 80 | Up to 1 year | 1000 | No | Thawed for up to 5 min at 37 °C | ⬌ DNA damage |
Pu et al.27 | White blood cells and Lymphocytes | − 20 | 1 and 7 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬌ DNA damage |
− 20 | 14 and 28 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬆ SBs | ||
⬆ DNA base oxidation in cryopreserved compared to fresh lymphocytes | |||||||
− 80 | Up to 28 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬌ DNA damage | ||
WB | − 20 | 1 and 7 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬌ DNA damage | |
− 20 | 14 and 28 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬆ SBs | ||
⬆ DNA base oxidation in cryopreserved compared to fresh whole blood | |||||||
− 80 | Up to 28 days | Not reported | Yes. RPMI 1640 (10% FBS, 10% DMSO and 1 mM deferoxamine) | Not reported | ⬌ DNA damage | ||
