Table 1 The clinical characteristics of study patients stratified by the medians levels of self-care behavior and disease knowledge.

From: The interaction between self-care behavior and disease knowledge on the decline in renal function in chronic kidney disease

 

Entire cohort

N = 454

Low self-care score and low disease knowledge score

N = 133

High self-care score and low disease knowledge score

N = 95

Low self-care score and high disease knowledge score

N = 99

High self-care score and high disease knowledge score

N = 127

p-value

Demographics

Age (year)

65.8 ± 12.1

66.6 ± 11.8#&

71.8 ± 9.0*&

59.3 ± 12.7*#

65.5 ± 11.7#&

 < 0.001

Sex (male, %)

55.9

52.6

54.7

64.6

53.5

0.3

Smoking (yes, %)

22.2

26.3

25.3

27.3

11.8*&

0.01

Alcohol consumption (yes, %)

10.4

11.3

9.5

12.1

8.7

0.8

Marital status (yes, %)

76.7

75.2

73.7

72.7

83.5

0.2

Currently working (yes, %)

28.6

27.8&

12.6&

48.5*#

26.0&

 < 0.001

Independent finances (yes, %)

60.1

48.9&

55.8

68.7*

68.5*

0.002

Education (high school or above, %)

53.5

39.8&

36.8&

65.7*#

70.9*#

 < 0.001

CKD cause (yes, %)

     

0.1

Glomerulonephritis

44.3

35.3

43.2

44.4

54.3

 

Diabetes mellitus

22.7

33.8

24.2

19.2

12.6

 

Hypertension

16.3

15.0

17.9

17.2

15.7

 

Polycystic kidney disease

4.0

3.0

3.2

4.0

5.5

 

Gout/stone

8.8

9.0

7.4

11.1

7.9

 

Others

4.0

3.8

4.2

4.0

3.9

 

Comorbidities

Hypertension (yes, %)

84.1

78.9

89.5

84.8

85.0

0.2

Diabetes mellitus (yes, %)

37.9

42.9

48.4

37.4

25.2*#

0.002

Heart disease (yes, %)

19.2

20.3

25.3

19.2

13.4

0.2

Clinical characteristics

Body mass index (kg/m2)

24.7 ± 4.3

25.2 ± 4.2

24.5 ± 3.5

25.4 ± 4.8

23.9 ± 4.5

0.02

ACEI/ARB usage (%)

31.9

28.6

30.5

34.3

34.6

0.7

Health education times

15.4 ± 10.4

13.25 ± 9.9&

15.6 ± 10.9

15.0 ± 10.5

17.8 ± 10.1*

0.005

CKD duration (year)

9.5 ± 7.6

7.4 ± 5.9&

8.7 ± 7.2

10.5 ± 8.4*

11.3 ± 8.3*

 < 0.001

CKD care duration (year)

5.0 ± 3.7

4.1 ± 3.4&

5.3 ± 4.1

5.0 ± 3.6

5.6 ± 3.6*

0.005

Questionnaires

Self-care score

64.1 ± 9.7

55.3 ± 7.0#&

71.6 ± 3.9*&

58.0 ± 6.7*#

72.5 ± 4.0*&

 < 0.001

Disease knowledge score

22.7 ± 5.6

18.1 ± 3.0&

18.5 ± 2.9&

26.7 ± 3.8*#

27.7 ± 3.9*#

 < 0.001

Laboratory parameters

Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)

27.8 (19.8, 43.9)

29.6 (22.4, 44.5)

28.6 (19.4, 39.3)

23.2 (6.7, 38.8)

31.0 (19.8, 55.8)# &

0.004

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

34.6 ± 23.0

32.2 ± 22.6&

35.5 ± 19.0

42.1 ± 26.6*

30.5 ± 21.9&

0.001

Glycated hemoglobin (%)

5.9 (5.5, 6.5)

6.1 (5.6, 7.0)

5.9 (5.6, 6.5)

5.9 (5.5,6.5)

5.8 (5.5, 6.2)*

0.03

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

11.9 ± 2.0

11.8 ± 2.0&

11.9 ± 1.8

12.6 ± 2.1*

11.7 ± 2.0&

0.005

Albumin (g/dl)

4.3 ± 0.4

4.2 ± 0.4

4.3 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.3

4.3 ± 0.4

0.3

Uric acid (mg/dl)

6.6 ± 1.6

6.7 ± 1.5

6.5 ± 1.7

6.5 ± 1.6

6.6 ± 1.4

0.7

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

174 ± 37

174 ± 39

173 ± 36

176 ± 44

173 ± 33

0.9

Triglyceride (mg/dl)

108 (79, 163)

112 (79, 172)

107 (79, 150)

122 (82, 180)

102 (73, 145)

0.09

Urine protein/creatinine ratio

0.6 (0.2, 1.5)

0.6 (0.2, 1.6)

0.5 (0.2, 1.4)

0.4 (0.1, 1.2)

0.6 (0.2, 1.4)

0.4

  1. Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean ± SD or median (25th, 75th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate.
  2. ACEI/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
  3. Low self-care as less than median of self-care score (67); High self-care as above median of self-care score (67).
  4. Low disease knowledge as less than median of disease knowledge score (22); High disease knowledge as above median of disease knowledge score (22).
  5. The missing data included serum albumin (n = 1), blood urea nitrogen (n = 2), uric acid (n = 4), glycated hemoglobin (n = 12), and urine protein-creatinine ratio (n = 1).
  6. *P < 0.05 compared with low self-care score & low disease knowledge score; #P < 0.05 compared with high self-care score and low disease knowledge score; &P < 0.05 compared with low self-care score and high disease knowledge score.
Back to article page