Table 1 Modifications of metrics of echocardiography and SCG/BCG according to the dose of dobutamine infusion.

From: Assessment of left ventricular twist by 3D ballistocardiography and seismocardiography compared with 2D STI echocardiography in a context of enhanced inotropism in healthy subjects

Parameters

Baseline

5 µg/kg/min

10 µg/kg/min

20 µg/kg/min

PAll

Sex (% male)

47.1

–

–

–

 

Age

25 ± 1.7

–

–

–

 

BMI

22.5 ± 2.1

–

–

–

 

SV

61.2 ± 12.0

71.8 ± 13.0

82.5 ± 19.0

84.7 ± 18.0

0.0001

CO

4.1 ± 0.8

4.7 ± 0.8

6.4 ± 1.0

8.8 ± 1.9

0.0001

LVOT Vmax

20.2 ± 2.6

24.3 ± 3.3

27.7 ± 2.8

28.1 ± 3.3

0.0001

LVOT VTI

0.98 ± 0.13

1.26 ± 0.24

1.72 ± 0.22

1.85 ± 0.25

0.0001

HR

70.6 ± 10.3

72.4 ± 10.4

87.3 ± 16.5

115.2 ± 21.6

0.0001

LVEF

63.3 ± 4.5

69.2 ± 8.5

78.9 ± 4.7

81.7 ± 4.0

0.0001

SCG

\({D}_{Max}^{Lin}\)

0.15 ± 0.08

0.22 ± 0.10

0.23 ± 0.08

0.19 ± 0.08

0.003

\({\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mathrm{Rot}}\)

11.7 ± 8.6

21.1 ± 16.5

24.9 ± 12.2

23.3 ± 11.9

0.0001

\({V}_{Max}^{Lin}\)

1.69 ± 0.7

2.87 ± 1.13

3.54 ± 1.14

3.62 ± 1.30

0.0001

\({V}_{Max}^{Rot}\)

244.0 ± 150.9

527.5 ± 356.8

746.2 ± 426.2

816.6 ± 512.0

0.0001

\({\mathrm{iK}}_{\mathrm{Lin}}\)

40.0 ± 30.0

80.0 ± 50.0

120.0 ± 60.0

110.0 ± 70.0

0.0001

\({\mathrm{iK}}_{\mathrm{Rot}}\)

20.0 ± 20.0

60.0 ± 60.0

90.0 ± 80.0

100.0 ± 90.0

0.0001

\({P}_{Max}^{Lin}\)

11.5 ± 1.4

13.8 ± 1.8

15.4 ± 1.6

15.8 ± 1.9

0.0001

\({P}_{Max}^{Rot}\)

0.009 ± 0.009

0.08 ± 0.05

0.47 ± 0.45

0.18 ± 0.06

0.0001

BCG

\({D}_{Max}^{Lin}\)

0.05 ± 0.02

0.06 ± 0.02

0.06 ± 0.02

0.07 ± 0.03

0.002

\({D}_{Max}^{Rot}\)

2.1 ± 1.1

2.9 ± 1.1

3.6 ± 1.3

4.3 ± 1.6

0.0001

\({V}_{Max}^{Lin}\)

0.5 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.3

1.0 ± 0.3

0.0001

\({V}_{Max}^{Rot}\)

49.0 ± 31.7

95.5 ± 62.5

124.7 ± 82.8

147.7 ± 86.7

0.0001

\({\mathrm{iK}}_{\mathrm{Lin}}\)

6.0 ± 4.0

8.0 ± 4.0

10.0 ± 5.0

10.0 ± 7.0

0.0001

\({\mathrm{iK}}_{\mathrm{Rot}}\)

0.7 ± 0.7

2.0 ± 0.8

3.0 ± 2.0

4.0 ± 3.0

0.0001

\({\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mathrm{Lin}}\)

0.3e−3 ± 0.0e−3

0.7e−3 ± 0.0002

0.7e−3 ± 0.4e−3

1.0e−3 ± 0.3e−3

0.0001

\({\mathrm{P}}_{\mathrm{max}}^{\mathrm{Rot}}\)

0.04e−3 ± 0.0e−3

0.3e−3 ± 0.03e−3

0.3e−3 ± 0.04e−3

0.7e−3 ± 0.09e−3

0.0001

  1. One-way parametric or non-parametric ANOVA was applied according to data distribution. For clarity purpose, continuous variables are all presented as mean ± SD.
  2. Statistical significance was set at 0.05 and emphasized in italics.
  3. BMI body mass index (kg/m2), SV stroke volume (ml), CO cardiac output (l/min), LVOT Vmax left ventricle outflow tract maximal velocity (m/s), LVOT VTI left ventricle outflow tract integral of velocity, HR heart rate (bmp); LVEF left ventricle ejection fraction (%); \({D}_{max}^{Lin}\) maximal displacement in the linear dimension (mm/m2), \({D}_{Max}^{Rot}\) maximal displacement in the rotational dimension (°/m2), \({V}_{max}^{Lin}\) maximal velocity in the linear dimension (mm/s/m2), \({V}_{max}^{Rot}\) maximal velocity in the rotational dimension (°/s/m2), \({iK}_{Lin}\) integral of kinetic energy in the linear dimension (µJ s/m2), \({iK}_{Rot}\) integral of kinetic energy in the rotational dimension (µJ s/m2), \({P}_{Max}^{Lin}\) maximal power in the linear dimension (J/s/m2), \({P}_{Max}^{Rot}\) maximal power in the rotational dimension (mJ/s/m2).
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