Table 2 Pooled estimates for subgroup analyses by anticholinergic drug class, potency, length of administration and cognitive domains.

Drug class

9.98

5

0.08

Antiepileptic

14

− 0.03

− 0.17–0.11

0.63

0

9.67

14.39

Antipsychotic

14

0.06

− 0.03–0.16

0.19

0

0

7.44

Antidepressant

7

0.24

0.01–0.47

0.04

0

13.22

6.91

Respiratory

5

0.02

− 0.15–0.19

0.75

0

0

1.48

Opioid analgesic

3

− 0.18

− 0.79–0.44

0.34

0

0

1.84

Urological

2

− 0.13

− 1.83–1.58

0.52

0

0

0.18

Potency

0.71

1

0.40

Low

36

0.02

− 0.05–0.09

0.50

0

0

27.40

High

10

0.11

− 0.11–0.33

0.29

0.01

28.02

12.50

Length of administration

2.62

2

0.27

Current and long-term

29

0.07

− 0.03–0.17

0.19

0.01

23.39

36.55

Current and acute

20

0.05

− 0.04–0.14

0.25

0

0

8.06

Historical

3

− 0.18

− 0.79–0.44

0.34

0.00

0

1.84

Cognitive domain

5.59

7

0.59

Attention

37

0.04

− 0.04–0.12

0.32

0

0

35.49

Psychomotor functioning

17

− 0.10

− 0.32–0.11

0.32

0.10

63.24

43.52

Concept formation and reasoning

13

0.14

− 0.02–0.30

0.08

0.01

15.96

14.28

Perception

3

0.25

− 0.90–1.39

0.45

0.11

50.18

4.01

Memory

16

0.04

− 0.06–0.14

0.40

0

0

9.05

Executive function

15

− 0.01

− 0.27–0.24

0.91

0.12

48.50

27.19

Intelligence

14

0.08

− 0.18–0.33

0.53

0.13

76.23

54.70

Language

6

0.11

− 0.07–0.29

0.17

0

0

4.54