Table 1 Participant characteristics on demographic and clinical variables (n = 483).

From: Functional connectome differences in individuals with hallucinations across the psychosis continuum

 

SCZ-H (n = 99)

BD-H (n = 74)

BD (n = 42)

NC-H (n = 40)

HC (n = 228)

P value

Age, mean (SD), years

32.3 (10.9)

46.2 (11.6)

52.3 (11.9)

43.1 (14.5)

40.7 (14.6)

< 0.001*

Gender, m/f

67/32

37/37

23/19

10/30

121/107

< 0.001*

Handedness, R/L

85/8

65/8

36/7

30/10

190/37

0.106

Motion, mm

Relative mean displacement

0.1 (0.04)

0.1 (0.03)

0.1 (0.03)

0.08 (0.03)

0.08 (0.03)

< 0.001*

Diagnosis, No. (%)

Schizophrenia

59 (59.6)

     

Schizoaffective disorder

17 (17.2)

     

Schizophreniform disorder

1 (1.0)

     

Schizotypal personality

1 (1.0)

     

Psychosis NOS

20 (20.2)

     

Bipolar-I disorder

 

74 (100)

74 (100)

   

Medication, No. (%)

Antipsychotics

83 (83.8)

39 (52.7)

9 (21.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Lithium

5 (5.1)

42 (56.8)

27 (64.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Anti-depressants

22 (22.2)

16 (21.6)

10 (23.8)

2 (5.0)

3 (1.3)

 

Hallucinations lifetime, No. (%)

99 (100)

74 (100)

0 (0.0)

40 (100)

0 (0.0)

 

Auditory

80 (80.8)

39 (52.7)

0 (0.0)

40 (100)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Visual

53 (53.5)

51 (68.9)

0 (0.0)

33 (82.5)

0 (0.0)

< 0.001*

Hallucinations current, No. (%)

57 (65.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

40 (100)

0 (0.0)

 

Delusions lifetime, No. (%)

72 (72.7)

64 (86.5)

0 (0.0)

14 (35.0)

1 (0.4)

 
  1. Differences between continuous variables were tested with a one-way ANOVA, and differences in dichotomous variables with Chi-square tests. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Significant differences are indicated by an asterisk (*). Current hallucinations means experiences in the last month. The current hallucinations in the SCZ-H were based on the P3 > 2 PANSS, and in NC-H with the frequency item of the PSYRATS. Number of cases with missing data: Diagnosis n = 1 SCZ-H; Antipsychotics n = 10 HC; n = 5 SCZ-H; n = 3 BD-H; n = 1 BD. Lithium n = 10 HC; n = 6 SCZ-H. Antidepressants; n = 10 HC; n = 16 SCZ-H; Lifetime hallucinations n = 4 HC; Auditory n = 4 HC; n = 11 SCZ-H; n = 2 BD-H. Visual n = 5 HC; n = 15 SCZ-H. Olfactory n = 5 HC; n = 17 SCZ-H. Tactile n = 5 HC; n = 14 SCZ-H. Current hallucinations: SCZ-H = 23. Lifetime delusions; n = 5 HC; n = 3 NC-H; n = 21 SCZ-H.
  2. NC-H non-clinical individuals with hallucinations, NOS not otherwise specified, BD-H bipolar-I disorder with lifetime history of hallucinations, BD bipolar-I disorder without lifetime history of hallucinations, SCZ-H schizophrenia spectrum disorder with hallucinations.
Back to article page