Figure 4

Significant log2 fold change of genera abundances in cigarette, shisha, or medwakh smoking groups compared to non-smokers (log2 tobacco vs log2 non-smokers). Red indicates an increase and blue indicates a decrease in the relative abundance of each genus compared to non-smokers. *Significant difference between each tobacco group and non-smokers; #significant difference exclusively in patients with severe periodontitis; M medwakh smokers, C cigarette smokers, SH shisha smokers.