Table 1 Demographics and periodontal status of the study participants subdivided into four groups based on smoking status.

From: The impact of smoking different tobacco types on the subgingival microbiome and periodontal health: a pilot study

 

Smokers

Non-smoker

p value

Cigarettes

Shisha

Medwakh

Subjects (n)

10

10

10

10

–

Gender

Male

9 (90%)

8 (80%)

10 (100%)

7 (70%)

0.463

Female

1 (10%)

2 (20%)

0 (0%)

3 (30%)

Age (years)

31.9 ± 10.43

29.1 ± 12.05

24.1 ± 4.33

38.5 ± 13.6

0.051

Duration of smoking (years)

12.8 ± 7.5

6.2 ± 6.4

6.3 ± 4.05

0

0.038*

Frequency of smokinga

12.3 ± 7.4

1.2 ± 0.6b

15.9 ± 16.8c

0

–

PPD (mm)

2.74 ± 0.74

2.54 ± 0.33

2.84 ± 0.47

2.19 ± 0.66

0.089

CAL (mm)

1.5 ± 1.03

1.3 ± 1.25

0.96 ± 0.47

0.69 ± 0.35

0.18

BOP (%)

0–25

2 (20%)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (30%)

0.138

 > 25

8 (80%)

10 (100%)

10 (100%)

7 (70%)

Periodontitis

No/mild

6 (60%)

9 (90%)

6 (60%)

9 (90%)

0.187

Moderate/severe

4 (40%)

1 (10%)

4 (40%)

1 (10%)

  1. Values express n (%) or mean ± SD.
  2. PD pocket depth, CAL clinical attachment loss, BOP bleeding on probing.
  3. *Significant at p < 0.05, non-smoker vs any smoker.
  4. aCigarettes/day, times per day for shisha and medwakh. Statistical comparison was not done due to the difference in the units of measurement (number of cigarettes/day, times/day with number of heads for shisha, times/day with number of puffs for medwakh).
  5. bFor shisha: 0.8 ± 0.3 heads/time.
  6. cFor medwakh: 6.4 ± 8.5 puffs/time.
Back to article page